Six stages of news media development

1, the single dissemination of individual materiality with mouth and ear as the medium. In ancient times, in the process of human evolution from primates to early apes, only some simple stone tools were produced because of the extremely backward productivity level. The human ancestors who are evolving into apes are struggling with wild animals and harsh natural environment every day. They have to run around and fight for survival. To this end, they live in groups and need to communicate with each other and exchange information at any time. At that time, because the human brain could not carry out complex thinking, the throat, tongue and lips did not have the function of emitting human language. In order to inherit, instinct and survive, they had to use screams, shouts and gestures, facial expressions and body language that could understand each other to express their thoughts and opinions. This primitive interpersonal communication represents the communication needs of human beings in a specific period. Information exchange is in an instinctive communication stage close to materiality and animality, and communication also belongs to the instinctive need of human survival.

2. Group communication through language. About 40 thousand years ago, human language basically took shape. Subjective communication behavior with human thinking color began to produce and gradually developed. Human communication began to develop from simple mouth, ears and gestures to mass communication with language as the medium. With language, human beings can remember, transmit, receive and understand information more conveniently, and can also accurately express what they want to spread. Any individual can also spread information to groups. The emergence and development of clan commune popularized the social mass communication of human beings. During this period, the content of information dissemination has been expanded. Human life, production experience, customs and culture can also be passed on to future generations. Folk songs, proverbs and other language forms have also passed on information such as the changing rules of the four seasons and the experience of planting crops from generation to generation through word of mouth, becoming typical news information products of this era.

3. The period of mass communication with words as the medium. About 5,000 years ago, graphics and characters began to appear in ancient Egypt, the two river basins and some parts of China. In 4000 BC, the earliest hieroglyphics in the world appeared in ancient Egypt. Around 3500 BC, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the earliest character in China, appeared in the Shang Dynasty in China. The original characters were carved on bamboo slips, animal bones, bronzes or fabrics. However, the heavy and expensive carrier of the text limits the spread of the text. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, invented papermaking, which improved the speed and breadth of the spread of words. In the Tang Dynasty, China produced an official handwritten newspaper-Dibao. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/5th century, German craftsman John? 6? 1 Gutenberg invented metal movable type printing, which enabled human beings to print words in books, periodicals and bulletins to spread to social groups, and knowledge and information spread among ordinary people at an unprecedented speed. At the same time, information and knowledge are also preserved to the maximum extent. With the publication of newspapers, the dissemination of news information through words has been expanded unprecedentedly. 1609, Germany published the world's earliest weekly newspaper Report and News, 1660, and Germany published the world's earliest daily newspaper Leipzig News. 19 At the end of the 20th century, when all the major capitalist countries in the world were in transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism,1the "popular" newspapers in the 1930s came into being. From 65438 to 0833, The New York Sun was sold at low prices on the streets of new york, USA, becoming the first successful Volkswagen cheap papers in the world. Human beings gain life, productivity and entertainment from reading and literacy technology, and meet the needs of exchanging experience, accumulating and learning knowledge. Books and newspapers are gradually integrated into people's lives, becoming the main tool for human beings to spread news information, and promoting the prosperity and maturity of printing communication with words as the medium. However, social communication in this era is still limited to groups with literacy ability.

4. The three-dimensional communication stage with modern science and technology-primary electronic technology as the medium. The appearance of tape recorders, cameras, and video recorders has preserved human hearing and visual angle functions, and can break through the limitations of time and space. The appearance of radio and TV stations has made human communication enter the stage of three-dimensional communication. 1920, the world's first radio station, KDKA, was officially launched in Pittsburgh, USA. 1936, the BBC officially started broadcasting in Alexandria Palace, a suburb of London, becoming the first TV station in the world. During this period, people can use hearing and vision at the same time to receive information with excellent sound and pictures, and the media has entered a three-dimensional stage. These three-dimensional media, which integrate words, sounds and images, especially television, make it more convenient for human beings to receive news information and become the most important tool for human beings to contact society, receive education and entertainment.

5. The era of mass communication with modern science and technology as the medium-digital network. From 65438 to 0979, the world's first mobile phone communication system was opened in Chicago, USA, and mobile phone communication came into being. In the late 1960s, the predecessor of the Internet? 0? 1? 0? 1? 0? 1 ...APRANET, an advanced network infrastructure, came into being. 1On April 20th, 994, China officially connected to the Internet. Now, when cameras, video cameras and mobile phones are combined, when digital cameras and household digital cameras enter ordinary people's homes, and when computer networks enter thousands of households, people who have been passively receiving news information finally have the tools to record and publish news events. This enables anyone to send the pictures, sounds and text information of the scene to the whole world at the first time of news events. The live recording of news events must wait for the arrival of professional journalists, and the era when the recording and dissemination of news information has always depended on media reporters is over. With the further development of science and technology, the functions of taking photos, recording and receiving of mobile phones are constantly improving. Mobile phones began to integrate TV functions to improve the quality of camera shooting, and became a micro tool for news live broadcast and audio and video text reception; Car TV will be fully popularized with cars; With the comprehensive promotion of electronic eyes, dynamic events in public places are under 24-hour all-weather monitoring, and news events can be broadcast live and replayed at any time when necessary. LCD wall-mounted TV will be spread all over the world in every public place. At this point, a mass era of mass participation and mass communication has finally arrived. Interestingly, the prevalence of mobile phone short messages and network communication at present is the advanced embodiment of the primitive state of natural equality in modern society in which people in primitive society are both communicators and receivers. This mode of communication is favored by the public because of its fast information dissemination and free and equal information release. The emergence of blogs, bbs messages and online comments has satisfied the public's desire to exchange news information on an equal footing. In addition to the characteristics of convenient sending and receiving, fast interaction, mobile phone communication is more important to realize the dissemination and reception of news information anytime and anywhere. With the development of mobile phone technology, the function of receiving news information will continue to strengthen and become anytime and anywhere. Mobile phones will integrate the current computer functions and become a new news media and a perfect communication tool for sending news information, thus promoting the maturity of mass communication. In this era, the dissemination and reception of news information has become an important part of social life, and the inheritance of experience and knowledge between generations of human beings has also begun to become diversified. Public participation in the collection, dissemination and acceptance of news information has become a symbol of social equality. This is also a remarkable feature that distinguishes this era from the previous era and all previous eras.

6. The era of electronic communication. From the above analysis of the media, we can easily find that human communication has always been done by human beings themselves or with the help of science and technology. That is, in the most developed era of mass communication, science and technology such as electronic equipment are only auxiliary tools for human communication in news and information dissemination activities. People are the main body of news information collection, editing and publishing, and also the main body of media. But in the stage of electronic communication, human will retreat to the background in the process of news communication, and gradually become the receiver of pure news information and the enjoyment of communication works. In the era of electronic communication, electronic technology and equipment become the main body of the media, and the collection, editing and publishing of news information will be completed by electronic machines. In 2007, two Hungarian scientists said that they had found a suitable algorithm to make the computer Go program reach the level of professional Go players. (Note 1) "Xinhua News Agency: The first computer-written novel True Love will meet readers in Russia next year 1". (Note 2) This marks the successful start of a brand-new project that man-made electronic products fully participate in human cultural activities. After decades and hundreds of years, intelligent robots made by human beings will gradually replace human beings, collect news information independently, and begin to participate in the editing and publishing of news information, so that human beings can concentrate on enjoying the news information and cultural products collected and disseminated by intelligent robots.