Hezhang's traditional representative articles

Yelang is an ancient country from the Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty. According to research, it is located in parts of Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces. In Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi and Biography of Nanman Southwest Yi, there are few records about Yelang. After Yelang died, the records about Yelang area in the history books disappeared. The mysterious Yelang culture, like a meteor, flashed in the historical sky of China and then fell silent. What is the life state of Gu Yelang's people? In history books, we seldom find the answer. Fortunately, the cultural relics unearthed in archaeology make up for this regret, which may solve this eternal mystery to some extent. When the "Han Yi" in Yelang area of Han Dynasty was mixed with the Western Han Dynasty, the people in the Central Plains had a considerable understanding of Yelang country: what is the length of the monarch in the southwest, and Yelang is the largest; Its western number is the largest in Yunnan; From northern Yunnan, what is the length of the monarch, Du Qiong is the largest: it is all a knot, farming, and gathering in the city. It starts from the same division in the west and reaches the elm tree in the north. It is called Luo and Kunming, all of which are compiled and distributed. With the migration of livestock, it is not common or long-lasting, and it can be thousands of miles away. -"Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi" In Historical Records, Sima Qian systematically introduced various ethnic tribes in the southwest of the Han Dynasty, among which Yelang was the largest country, and its social production mode was farming, and the people's lifestyle was settlement. Since 1950s, a large number of Han tombs have been discovered in Guizhou Province, mainly in two areas: Qingzhen, Pingba and Anshun; The other is the current Hezhang focal zone. The above two Han tombs at Leke Han Tomb Site in Hezhang are slightly different. The former has many Han tombs, while the latter has local indigenous characteristics. The owners of the Han tombs in Qingzhen, Anshun and Pingba are mostly Han soldiers from counties such as county officials, Xiansi and Qianwei, as well as rich Han people who moved and settled here. They imitated the burial system of the Han nationality in the Central Plains. There is a seal on the grave, and the funerary objects include lacquerware, bronze mirrors, hooks, swords, lamps, urn lamps and other daily necessities, as well as five baht, the currency commonly used in the Central Plains. Experts speculate that Qingzhen, Anshun and Pingba may be the main areas of xian county in Han Dynasty. This area has relatively flat terrain, fertile soil and dense water network, which is suitable for developing the farming economy of the Han nationality. Therefore, there are more Han immigrants, and the burial style has a strong Central Plains style, which is logical. Brick decoration of Hezhang Leke Han Tomb. There is a tile with "Jane's" engraved on it. Jianshi is the title of Emperor Han Chengdi. It can be seen that by the late Western Han Dynasty, the influence of the Han nationality had penetrated into Hezhang area. In the Han dynasty, tiles were generally used in high-rise buildings such as government agencies. Therefore, some experts infer from the literature that Leke area may be the location of Hanyang County, a vassal state of Wei Dynasty before the Western Han Dynasty. In addition, the tombs in this area have both Han and minority styles, which shows that Hanyang County was a place where Han and Yi lived together, and the officers and men were naturally rulers, ruling the vast number of ethnic minorities. To sum up, there were "Chinese and foreign mixed places" in Yelang area of Han Dynasty, so the tombs also showed two different styles, which merged with each other and embodied the unique Yelang culture. The reason why such a long paragraph is used to explain the situation of "mixed residence of Chinese and foreigners" in Yelang area of Han Dynasty is to distinguish between Han tombs and indigenous tombs in Yelang area, so as to introduce Yelang culture specifically below. Let's look at the daily life of Yelang people with archaeological relics. Looking at the daily life of ancient Yelang people from archaeological data, the image of Yelang people is 1. The image of Yelang aborigines is actually reflected in the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang marched to Nanzhong, and the local soldiers were generally naked in the upper part and wearing grass skirts in the lower part. The cultural relics unearthed from the Han tombs in Guizhou prove that the image of the southern aborigines in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a fabrication. The image of Yelang aborigines In a cultural relic unearthed from Hezhang Han Tomb, there is a figure with a spear, bare feet and an apron around his waist. This is obviously the Yelang indigenous people. It is worth noting that this well-dressed aboriginal also tied a bun in the air. Archaeologists call this kind of hair accessory "a thorn pointing to heaven" and "a Buddha of heaven". At present, the Yi people in Guizhou still maintain this hairstyle, and Hezhang and Weining areas are still the main inhabited areas of the Yi people, indicating that the Yi people settled in Hezhang area as early as two thousand years ago. In addition to the "pointing to the sun" hair ornaments, there are also "silver ingots" hair ornaments among the cultural relics unearthed in Xingren and Hezhang. This kind of hair accessory is also found on the female corpse unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha. In this regard, Mr. Feng believes that the "silver ingot" hair ornaments of Yelang aborigines are influenced by ancient Chu culture and are the result of the exchange and integration of Southwest Yi culture and Chu culture. Hairstyles of modern Yi people In addition, a large number of bronze hairpins have been unearthed from the Han tombs in Guizhou, which shows that the hairstyle of local residents is vertebral bun, which is consistent with the image of Yelang as a "man with vertebral bun" recorded in the literature. As for the material of aprons worn by aborigines, it can also be inferred from archaeological data. Through the identification and analysis of unearthed textiles, archaeologists found that the residents in this area have used silk and linen fabrics as well as wool fabrics. 2. The house you live in. Guizhou is wet and rainy, and there are many insects and snakes. In order to prevent moisture and insects, Yelang's ancestors invented the dry fence building. This kind of house is characterized by using wooden stakes as the foundation of the house, with people living above and livestock raising below. This kind of pillar architecture appeared in the Han tombs in Qingzhen. Gan Lan-style architecture is a primitive form of living in the Yangtze River valley in China and the vast south of the Yangtze River, with Hemudu site in Zhejiang as the typical representative. In the southwest of China, Dong, Buyi and other ethnic minorities still prevail in this residential structure. Model of dry-column building pottery house III. Agricultural production. Sima Qian mentioned in Historical Records that the ancient Yelang people were settled and farmed, and a cultural relic unearthed from the Han tomb in Guizhou also proved this point. This evidence is an idyllic pond model unearthed from the Han tomb in Xingyi. In this small model, only paddy fields are connected, irrigation canals are criss-crossed, and there are even gates to control water sources. There is also a pond next to the rice field. Lotus flowers bloom in the pond, the fish are clearly visible, and the trees on the shore are towering. It's really an idyllic scene. From the paddy fields, we can see that the main food crop of Yelang people is rice, as well as pond culture and the development of agricultural sideline. A large number of agricultural production tools, such as hoes, shovels and axes, have also been unearthed in the Han tombs in Guizhou, symbolizing the spread of advanced Han farming culture in Yelang. Pottery paddy field model of Eastern Han Dynasty IV. Recreational activities. Southwest ethnic minorities can sing and dance well, which is their tradition from ancient times to the present. Archaeological findings show that the main musical instruments of Yelang people in Han Dynasty are bronze drums and lusheng. Tonggu is a very popular percussion instrument of ancient southwest Yi people. The bronze drum used by Yelang people is Shizhaishan style, which has been the basic type of bronze drum since the Spring and Autumn Period. 1957 A bronze drum unearthed from Hezhang Coke, with undulating profile and three drums with birds, boats, horses and cattle, geometric patterns, is a mature product of Shizhaishan style. The playing method of bronze drums can only be inferred from modern times. Now the Miao nationality in Guizhou is still popular with bronze drums. When dancing, they hung up the drum, one beat the drum surface with a drumstick, and the other held a wooden bucket at the bottom of the drum, making it louder and louder, with a deep voice. It should be noted that in ancient times, besides being used as musical instruments, bronze drums also played the role of ritual vessels and sacrificial vessels, and were a symbol of the status of the ruling class. It is impossible for civilians to possess such heavy weapons. Besides bronze drums, Lusheng is also a common musical instrument of Yelang people. 1977 Some fragments of cash cows unearthed in autumn Hezhang have the words of playing lusheng. Unfortunately, due to material reasons, it is difficult to preserve Lusheng after thousands of years. 5. Primitive worship and totem. Pangu is the god who created the world in Han mythology, but the worship of Pangu is another ancient primitive belief that is popular among southwest ethnic groups. Ying Shao of the Eastern Han Dynasty described the story of Pangu for the first time in his book Customs and Righteousness, which became popular after Wei and Jin Dynasties. Ye Fan recorded the deeds of Pangu completely in the Biography of Nan Man Southwest Yi. According to this book, in the past, the tribes in Gaoxin (Di Ku) were often attacked by dogs, and it was not cheap to fight with each other many times. So, he promised that whoever could kill the dog general Wu would give him ten thousand gold and marry his daughter to him. After the order was given, Di Ku's dog suddenly broke into the hall with its head in its mouth. Ministers saw that it was the head of General Wu. The dog who has made great contributions is called Pangu. As the saying goes, you are joking. Di Ku has to marry his daughter to Pangu, and their offspring will become the future Wu Lingren ... This is a legend, just kidding, but it can be seen that the image of Pangu should be related to dogs. The Pangu statue unearthed from the Han Tomb in Xingyi is a cash cow unearthed from the Eastern Han Tomb in Xingyi, with the head of a dog. He rode a sika deer, held a spear and looked down on all beings. Combined with the legend of Pangu, experts speculate that this dog-headed general is the object of worship of Yelang people-Pangu. The appearance of Pangu's image on the cash cow just shows his lofty position in the eyes of Yelang people. 6. Underground world. Burial is as popular in Yelang people as in Han people, and there are also funerary objects, including pottery, farm tools, copper and iron weapons, etc. However, in Hezhang Coke, a unique ancient tomb was shocked after archaeological excavation. There is no other way of burial except in coke. This is the mysterious "burial with a hat". On the south bank of Leke, among the 168 "Nanyi tombs" that have been excavated, archaeologists found that 20 tombs are particularly strange-there are no coffins or bamboo mats in the tombs, the heads of the deceased are placed in copper pots or iron pot, and some pots are littered with funerary objects, with various daily necessities, weapons and five baht. The earliest "hooded burial" can be traced back to the late Warring States period. What is the connotation of the mysterious "buried in a copper kettle"? Many experts have also interpreted it. Experts believe that Hezhang Cola lived with the ancestors of the Yi people in Yelang Kingdom, and the ancient Yi people originated from the frontier ethnic system with tigers and fire as totems. In some cases, the heads and feet of some tomb owners are covered with bronze pots, which are large and beautifully made. The shoulder of the copper pot is decorated with a pair of opposite tigers, the heads of which extend out of the mouth of the pot, and the two tigers are whistle-like. The funerary objects include bronze ge, iron sword with copper handle and other weapons. The other part of the "hooded burial" only has a copper pot on its head, and most of the funerary objects are rice, soybeans and two farm tools. Their identities can be inferred from different "hooded burials". The former may be a military commander of Yelang State, and the latter may be a noble family of one side. Its * * * similarities are all important figures in Yelang country. Because the bronze drum comes from the copper kettle, since the bronze drum is a heavy weapon, the copper kettle is not used by ordinary people. The main decorative pattern of bronze drums is the sun pattern, which is located in the center of the drum surface, symbolizing the sun and related to fire, which just reflects the worship of fire by Yi ancestors. Decorating tigers on copper pots is not a more direct explanation of the worship of tigers by Yi ancestors. Therefore, the meaning of "hooded burial" can be understood from two levels, one is the symbol of status, and the other is the expression of belief and worship that people must adhere to after death. Conclusion: Since 1958 the first batch of unearthed cultural relics was discovered in Leke Township, Hezhang County, the archaeological department has carried out nine excavations. Among them, in the archaeological excavation in 2000, * * * excavated more than 80 tombs and unearthed a large number of cultural relics from the Warring States, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties. Therefore, Leke Site was one of the "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China" in 200 1 year. But it can be asserted that the coke site is still the tip of the iceberg of Yelang culture. Yelang culture is mysterious and profound. This paper can only show some aspects of Yelang people's daily life like dragonflies and lead readers into Yelang people's world. There are more secrets about Yelang culture waiting for us to explore in the future. References:

Li Yanyuan's Exploration of Yelang's Hometown —— An Introduction to Guizhou Cultural Relics and Archaeology: Guizhou Provincial Museum; Brief Report on Excavation of Han Tombs in Hezhang County: Selected Archaeological Pictures of Liangtaihe Leke Cultural Relics in Hezhang County.