What are the stages of the development of enterprise strategy theory?

What are the stages of the development of enterprise strategy theory? The development of enterprise strategy theory can be divided into four stages.

The first is the early stage of strategic thinking. This stage has produced wonderful strategic ideas, but it has not yet formed a complete strategic theoretical system. The most representative is the definition of strategy by Andrews of Harvard University in 1960s. He believes that strategy consists of four elements, namely, personal value and ambition, company strength, market opportunities and social responsibility. Among them, personal values and aspirations and the strength of the company are the internal factors of the enterprise, and market opportunities and social responsibilities are the external environmental factors. He advocated that enterprises should optimize the allocation of resources through strategic management and form a unique ability different from competitors in order to gain a competitive advantage.

The second stage is the traditional strategic theory stage. From 65438 to 0965, Ansoff, an American scholar, published the book Enterprise Strategy, which became the starting point of modern enterprise strategy theory research. Since then, many scholars have participated in the study of enterprise strategy theory and formed many theoretical schools according to their different research perspectives. There are design, orientation, planning, cognition, learning, creativity, culture, environment, motivation, structure and so on.

The third stage is the theoretical stage of competitive strategy. In 1980s, the research focus of enterprise strategy theory turned to enterprise competition, and the strategic schools formed at this stage mainly included industrial structure school, core competence school and strategic resources school. The representative of the school of industrial structure is Michael Porter. Porter believes that the industry structure that constitutes the competitive environment of enterprises affects the formulation of competitive rules and the choice of competitive strategies of enterprises. He creatively unified the process of strategy formulation and strategy implementation, which had a great influence on the practice and theoretical research of strategic management. The school of core competence originated from 1990 "Enterprise Core Competence" published by C.K.Prahalad and Hamel in Harvard Business Review. This school believes that the key skills and tacit knowledge possessed by enterprises can constitute the core competitiveness of enterprises, and the core competence can come from collective learning, the transmission of experience and values within the organization, and also from the mutual exchange and participation of organization members. This school regards market competition as competition beyond products, technologies and brands, but competition based on core competence. The main viewpoint and content of the school of strategic resources is to cultivate the unique strategic resources of enterprises and optimize the ability to allocate such resources to the maximum extent, so as to form the competitive advantage of enterprises.

The fourth stage is the theoretical stage of dynamic competitive strategy. With the coming of 2 1 century, the competitive environment of enterprises is complex and unpredictable. In order to meet the challenges brought by environmental changes, some management scholars put forward new strategic theories such as "dynamic capability theory" and "competitive dynamics method". According to the theory of dynamic capability, by adjusting and integrating the internal and external resources of an enterprise to keep it consistent with the ever-changing business environment, it is a dynamic ability to reshape competitiveness and can bring sustainable competitive advantages to enterprises. On the basis of competitiveness model theory, enterprise resource theory and enterprise capability theory, competitive dynamics method solves the problem of how to obtain and maintain competitive advantage in dynamic competitive environment by analyzing the main internal and external factors that affect enterprise performance.

From the analysis of strategic elements and the evolution of competitive strategy theory to dynamic capability theory, we can see the change of enterprise strategic concept and the development of strategic management theory, that is, more and more attention is paid to the increasingly complex and uncertain competitive environment, from which we can see the trend of enterprise strategy changing from content certainty and micro-concreteness to content orientation and macro-view. However, in the turbulent super-competitive environment, strategic management is always the most important way for enterprises to gain lasting competitive advantage.

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What are the stages of enterprise strategy implementation? Strategy implementation Strategy implementation is a top-down dynamic management process. The so-called "top-down" is mainly to convey the strategic objectives to the middle and lower levels after the company's top management has reached an agreement, and to decompose them into various tasks. The so-called "dynamic" mainly refers to the continuous cycle of "analysis-decision-implementation-feedback-reanalysis-decision-re-implementation" in the process of strategic implementation. Business strategy is just an armchair strategist or something in people's minds before it is implemented, and the implementation of enterprise strategy is the action stage of strategic management process, so it is more important than the formulation of strategy. There are four interrelated stages in the process of transforming enterprise strategy into strategic character. Strategy implementation-strategy start-up stage. At this stage, enterprise leaders should study how to turn the ideal of enterprise strategy into the practical actions of most employees and mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of most employees to realize the new strategy. This requires training enterprise managers and employees, instilling new ideas and concepts into them, putting forward new slogans and concepts, eliminating some old ideas and concepts that are not conducive to the implementation of the strategy, and letting most people gradually accept a new strategy. For a new strategy, quite a few people will have all kinds of doubts when implementing it, and a new strategy will often lead people to a brand-new realm. If employees do not fully understand and know the new strategy, they will not get the full support and support of most employees. Therefore, the implementation of the strategy is a process of mobilizing employees. It is necessary to explain clearly to employees the opportunities and challenges brought about by changes in the internal and external environment of the enterprise, the shortcomings of the old strategy, the advantages and risks of the new strategy, so that most employees can clearly understand the situation, realize the necessity and urgency of implementing the strategy, establish confidence, dispel doubts and strive to realize the bright future of the new strategy. In the process of mobilizing employees, it is important to win the understanding and support of key implementers of the strategy. Leaders of enterprises should consider adjusting their understanding of institutions and personnel to clear the way for the implementation of the strategy. Strategic implementation-strategic planning stage. Business strategy is divided into several strategic implementation stages, and each stage consists of phased objectives, corresponding policies, measures, departmental strategies and corresponding policies. To formulate the timetable of phased goals, it is necessary to make overall planning and overall arrangement for the goals of each stage, and pay attention to the connection between each stage. We can summarize the long-term goals and policies, but we should try our best to be more detailed about the short-term goals and policies. The first stage of strategy implementation should be a good connection between the old and new strategies to reduce resistance and friction. The sub-goals and plans of the first stage should be more specific and operational, and annual goals, departmental strategies, policies, communication and other measures should be formulated to make the strategy as concrete as possible and become a business that all departments of the enterprise can operate concretely. Strategic implementation-strategic operation stage. The implementation and operation of enterprise strategy are mainly related to the following six factors: the quality and values of leaders at all levels; Organization of enterprises; Corporate culture; Resource structure and allocation; Information exchange; Control and excitation system. Through these six factors, strategy really enters the daily production and operation activities of enterprises and becomes the institutionalized work content. Strategy implementation-strategy control and evaluation stage. The strategy is implemented in a constantly changing environment. Only by strengthening the control and evaluation of the strategic implementation process can enterprises adapt to the changes in the environment and complete the strategic tasks. This stage is mainly to establish control system, monitor performance and evaluate deviation, control and correct deviation. Strategic implementation-the basic principle of strategic implementation. In the process of implementing business strategy, enterprises often encounter many problems that were not estimated or could not be fully estimated when formulating strategies. There are three basic principles in strategy implementation, which can be used as the basic basis for enterprises to implement business strategy.

What is the stage of biological development? The first stage is descriptive biology:

In 1930s, German botanist Schleiden and zoologist Wang Shi put forward the cell theory.

2. 1859, British biologist Darwin published the Origin of Species.

The second stage: experimental biology stage:

1900, Mendel's law of heredity was put forward again, marking the beginning of the stage of experimental biology.

The third stage: the molecular biology stage;

1. 1944, American biologist Avery first proved that DNA is genetic material.

2. 1953, Watson of the United States and Crick of the United Kingdom put forward the DNA double helix structure model (marking the beginning of the molecular biology stage).

The fourth stage: the development direction of contemporary biology

Microscopic direction: from cytological level to molecular level.

Macro direction: the development of ecology solves the global environmental and resource problems.

What stages has the development of the Internet gone through? So far, the Internet has mainly experienced the fourth stage (based on the main traffic sources and user behavior goals): the first stage is the traditional network, mainly the traditional website, which lasted for more than ten years. The second stage is mainly the coexistence of websites and content streaming social networks, which has come to an end and lasted for seven or eight years. The third stage is the weakening of websites and the coexistence of mobile applications and messaging social networks. The fourth stage is that the Super APP will be user-based, carry all the contents and services, and finally complete the comprehensive integration of Internet information.

Their specific development model is:

1. In the first stage, all kinds of traditional Internet websites are "content-oriented, supplemented by services", and their content is mainly information blocks, supplemented by some information flows. Its characteristic is to display the content through a static website. The content discovery mechanism at this stage is realized by content aggregation of search engines. Users search for content through search engines, making search engines a de facto Internet portal and a middleman between users and content. This is the reason why Li Yan put forward the "middle page" strategy.

At present, the defects of the Internet are quite obvious. First, users are scattered and unable to focus, and the lack of account system also leads to the inability of content authors and users to interact and provide continuous services. The second is that users and websites are independent of each other. It is difficult for users and users to find content, which leads to high cost of information circulation. Third, the message traffic is insufficient, which causes some services to jump to communication tools: email, QQ, etc. This increases the communication cost between users and content providers. The fourth reason is that the core of the Internet at this stage is based on domain names, and the user's use cost is very high. This has indirectly led to the booming domain name business, and cybersquatting is even more common.

2. In the second stage, namely the web2.0 era, various Internet sites and content streaming social networks (facebook, Weibo, etc.). ) coexist. At present, the Internet is still content-oriented, supplemented by services. Its contents and services are mainly provided by various information blocks and information flows. The information flow is mainly content flow, supplemented by message flow. At present, the content discovery mechanism is that the content and services can finally face users through the unified account of social networks, and search engines are no longer the only channel to obtain information.

At this stage, there have been some improvements in the development of the Internet: firstly, services and some dynamic content are provided through information flow, instead of the previous way of presenting content through static websites. Second, relying on the initial development of social networks, users have become the center of the Internet. This also reflects the general strategy of "user-centered" enterprises. Thirdly, it is also because of the development and aggregation of social networks that users focus. The unified account system provides the possibility of continuous interaction between users and content providers, and also promotes the ability of content providers to provide users with longer-term content display and services. Fourth, the active push of dynamic content makes the content side not forgotten, thus avoiding marginalization. And this kind of active push also saves the time for users to find content, which is in line with human laziness. So the traffic of many websites began to divert from Weibo and other places. The value of traditional search engines is weakened.

However, the current Internet still has many defects. The first defect is the lack of information blocks, which leads you to jump to other websites when you want to show other information. Second, the weakening of information flow makes the interaction insufficient, which leads to the service favoring tools rather than communication. In China, relying on the development of QQ, a network instant messaging tool, has reduced the information communication cost caused by this deficiency.

3. In the third stage, new tools appeared, which changed users' habits. Traditional social networks are facing the problem of users migrating from content-based social networks to message-based social networks. At this stage of the Internet, its mobility is weak, and it is not as good as the anytime and anywhere value of mobile app. Mobile APP coexists with messaging social networks (WeChat, etc.). ), and traditional Internet sites are facing a stage of shrinking.

The main content form of this stage is to pay equal attention to content and service. Content is mainly provided by information flow. Among them, the message flow is the main one, supplemented by the content flow. The content discovery mechanism at this stage is that users directly face the service with various apps or tools such as WeChat. In other words, APP or WeChat becomes a content center, and there is no need to go through search engines or content streaming social networks.

4. The rise of the fourth stage benefits from the profound development of the mobile Internet, and quantitative change will lead to qualitative change. At this stage, Super app will be born, and it is possible to accomplish what the early search engines did: to become a link center and create an Internet unity.

So why was the Super APP born? This is mainly because the time is ripe, involving the research of operating system. In the early Windows operating system era, as a "file operating system", the operating system directly managed the content, allowing users to directly contact the content, and its content presentation mode was also the file itself. Later, the operating system evolved to Apple and Android, and applications became the main tools for managing content, so I called it the era of "application operating system". In other words, there is a layer between the content and the operating system, and the application program replaces the operating system to realize the function of managing the content more conveniently and effectively. And its content presentation mode is also presented in the form of application, and users no longer directly touch the content itself. It is a change in content management.

On the other hand, from the perspective of content management, operating systems such as windows manage the content stored locally by users, so I call it "local operating system". In the era of application operating system, the main content began to shift to online. What users store locally is no longer the core. Once there is no network, all smart phones based on application operating system will greatly reduce the value to users. So I call it the "online operating system" era ("network operating system" era).

Based on the above two reasons, it is proved from the conceptual level that in the era of application operating system, it is feasible for app to manage everything except the operating system-this is the so-called super app. In the era of file operating system, super app is impossible to exist. As for whether this super APP is the hot WeChat now, or the mobile browser that some people want, or the application distribution channel, let us wait and see.

What are the stages of human development? The process of human evolution can be divided into four stages:

(1) Early ape-man stage: He lived from about 3 million years ago to 6,543.8+0.5 million years ago, and has the basic characteristics of human beings. He can walk upright and make simple gravel tools.

(2) Late ape-man: About 2 million to 300,000 years ago, anthropoid people with large brains were able to make more advanced paleolithic tools and began to use fire, such as Peking Man in Zhoukoudian, China.

(3) Early Homo sapiens (ancients) stage:1-200,000 to 50,000 years ago, it gradually broke away from the characteristics of apes and became very close to modern people, such as Neanderthals in Germany.

(d) Late Homo sapiens (newcomer) stage: About 40,000-50,000 years ago, the evolution of human beings was obviously accelerated, and it was very similar to modern people in form. Culturally, there are carving and painting arts, and decorations have appeared. For example, the Neanderthals at the top of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian were found in 1933. At this time, primitive religion has appeared and entered the matriarchal society. Distributed all over the world. The origin and development of human beings is a very complicated problem. Although it has been explored and studied by Darwin and others for more than 0/00 years, there are still different opinions and questions.

Humans and modern apes evolved from the same ancestor-forest apes.

Forest apes originally lived in trees in dense forests. Later, the climate in some areas became dry and forests decreased. The forest apes there were forced to live in the fields and gradually developed into modern people. Apes near the equator still live in the forest, and they gradually evolved into modern apes.

It is a long process for forest apes to evolve into humans, which Engels explained. Engels pointed out that apes living underground walk with hind legs, get food with forelimbs, and defend their enemies with branches or stones. In the process of using these natural tools, I gradually learned to make simple tools. In this way, people's ancestors had labor. Thanks to labor, the hand has been further developed and improved. At the same time, it has also caused changes in other organs of the body, especially the brain has been highly developed. In the process of labor, language and consciousness are produced and society is established. As a result, labor turned forest apes into people.

Historians, biologists, archaeologists and even philosophers have described the development history of human beings after leaving the apes according to the discovery of fossils:

The ape-man stage-ancient stage-new stage.

The ape-man stage began about 2-3 million years ago. At this time, the ape-man had made some rough stone tools with a brain capacity of about 600-700 ml. The late ape-man approached modern humans, and the stone tools made were more complicated than those made in the early stage. Stone tools have a preliminary division of uses, such as hunting stone tools, skinning animals, using fire for a long time and storing fire. Yuanmou people, Lantian people, Beijingers, and Tanzanian niche people discovered by China are all representatives of late apes. It is generally believed that the ape-man stage ended about 300 thousand years ago.

The ancient stage, also known as the early homo sapiens stage. The brain capacity of the ancients further increased, reaching the level of modern people. The brain structure is also more complicated than that of apes. The stone tools made are relatively regular, but I don't know how to grind them. They can make a fire manually. With the custom of burial and the original "clothes", the physique has begun to differentiate and there are obvious differences. Maba people, Changyang people and Dingcun people discovered in China are the representatives of this period. The ancients lived about 200 thousand to 50 thousand years ago.

Newcomer stage, also known as late Homo sapiens stage. It started about 50 thousand years ago. Newcomers are almost no different from modern people in posture. The stone tools made by newcomers have been exquisite and varied in shape, and the division of labor of stone tools has been clearly defined, with bone and horn tools appearing. About 65,438+00000 years ago, even ground stone tools appeared. Newcomers will also make decorations, carry out artistic activities such as painting and sculpture, and begin to pursue beauty. French Ruckmanou people, China Liujiang people and cavemen are the representatives of this period. Since then, mankind has entered the development stage of modern people.