How to raise cattle

The feeding time of cows is the same in all parts of China, with three feedings and three milkings. It has also been suggested that cows weighing 3000 ~ 4000 kg can be fed and milked twice, because there is no significant difference in the average milk production between the two systems. However, cows weighing more than 5000 kg should be fed milk three times, otherwise the milk yield will decrease 16% ~ 30% on average. Every time the interval is roughly equal. However, in case of high-yield dairy cows, high lactation period or summer, it is necessary to appropriately extend the feeding time and increase the feeding times to ensure adequate intake of nutrients. The results showed that feeding roughage three times a day or freely, feeding less or more concentrate, could reduce the incidence of ketonemia, mastitis and postpartum paralysis in dairy cows.

(2) Feeding methods

Feeding should be quantitative and regular, first coarse and then fine, and feeding times should be less, so that cows can form good conditioned reflex. Don't change the conditioned reflex easily after it is formed, otherwise it will affect digestion and reduce the utilization effect of feed. Drinking water is mostly done after feeding.

(3) the feed should be relatively stable

The selected feed should remain relatively stable. The difference between winter and summer diet should not be too big. Green coarse grains should be green in the dry, green in the dry, green in the dry, combined with green and dry, and have sufficient water.

(4) porridge

Feeding porridge to cows is very obvious for improving milk production. The specific method is as follows: take out some corn flour, carrots, bran, bean skin, bean curd residue and so on. Extracted from the concentrate of dairy cows, heated to 1/4 of the total concentrate in summer and 1/3 in winter to make porridge, and fed separately or together with grass each time.

(5) Calving season and external temperature

Under the current conditions in China, the most suitable calving season for dairy cows is winter and spring. Although the feed conditions are good in summer, the temperature is too high, and the adverse effect of high temperature on the production capacity of dairy cows will exceed the beneficial effect of good feed conditions on the production capacity of dairy cows. In other words, it can be considered that there are advantages and disadvantages in summer, and the disadvantages outweigh the advantages, and the impact on high-yield dairy cows is greater than that on low-yield dairy cows. According to the research, the suitable temperature range of Holstein cows is 0 ~ 20℃, the upper limit of production environment is 27℃, and the lower limit is-13℃. If it exceeds the appropriate temperature range, it will have adverse effects on Holstein cattle. If it exceeds the limit of production environment, it will lead to a sharp decline in milk production and even endanger health. It is common for the temperature to exceed 27℃ in summer, and it is not uncommon for it to be lower than-13℃ in the north in winter. However, as long as the doors and windows of the cowshed are closed, there is no thief wind, and the heat dissipation of the cow itself is added, the temperature in the cowshed is generally not lower than-13℃. Therefore, the milk yield in summer is often lower than other seasons. Experiments show that when the temperature and humidity index (THI) exceeds 70, it will affect the milk yield of dairy cows. The milk fat rate and milk protein rate also decreased in summer. High humidity will aggravate the harm of high temperature. Therefore, we can set up a field boundary forest belt around the cattle farm and plant a mixed forest belt of trees and shrubs (such as all kinds of poplars, Salix, elm, etc.). It belongs to trees and shrubs, such as river willow and Amorpha fruticosa. ), and the forest belt should be widened (the width is greater than 10 m, and at least 5 rows of trees should be planted); Prevent direct sunlight in summer, and build a simple arbor in the playground; The roof of the cowshed is provided with an anchor window (formed by blowing through the air), a skylight and a ventilation pipe; It is best to use both longitudinal and transverse strong blowing and proper spraying. Dairy farms can stop breeding for two months every year in 10, 1 1 to avoid calving in July and August.

(6) Brush and protect the hoof

Brushing cattle regularly and carefully can promote skin breathing, blood circulation, keep cattle clean, prevent the breeding of parasites on the body surface, and be beneficial to the health of cattle and the improvement of milk yield. Dairy farms should also adhere to regular hoof repair and maintain a normal hoof shape, otherwise it is easy to form deformed hooves. The seriousness of deformed hoof lies in that it will not cause immediate injury in the initial stage and is easy to be ignored. However, once it is severely deformed, when the limb axis and limb potential are abnormal or limping occurs, the output will suddenly drop, and some of them can't even stand and exercise, and their appetite will drop and they will become thinner, resulting in low production performance and have to be eliminated. However, cutting hoofs can increase milk production. According to the research, the milk yield of moderately deformed hoof increased by 5. 1% ~ 7. 1%, and reached 12.4% ~ 17.3% in the lame deformed hoof group. According to statistics, the elimination rate of hoof disease can account for 19% of the total elimination rate. Cutting the hoof 1 ~ 2 times a year can basically keep the normal hoof shape of cattle.

At the same time also pay attention to:

① Keep the ground and sports ground clean and dry.

The dirt on the ground should be removed in time, and the padding should be selected for the playground.

② Keep the hoof clean.

Always remove dirt between toes, use dry brush in winter and clean water in summer. Stick to it every day.

③ Insist on hoof bath

Frequent disinfection of cow's hooves with copper sulfate solution can reduce the incidence. Cows with high incidence can be vaccinated to prevent hoof rot.

④ Timely treatment.

If hoof disease is found, it should be treated in time, and those who are ineffective or serious should be eliminated.

(7) Age of primiparity

The age of primiparity of dairy cows has a certain influence on their primiparity and final milk yield. Generally speaking, 14 ~ 16 months old is suitable for breeding and calving for the first time at 23 ~ 25 months old.

(8) Calving interval

Cows produce milk every year 10 month, dry milk for 2 months, and calving interval 12 months is the best. According to the research, individuals with the same production potential, usually cows with short calving intervals, are expected to obtain high milk yield. If the calving interval is extended from 12 months to 14 months, the average milk yield will decrease from 6864 kg to 6 123.5 kg. Generally, postpartum cows should pay close attention to breeding 60 days after delivery and strive for pregnancy within 3 months. 60 days after delivery, especially 76 ~ 85 days, the conception rate of dairy cows is the highest, and it drops obviously after 90 days.

(9) Length of dry milk period

In order to make the breast tissue get a certain rest time and store the necessary nutrients in the cow, in order to improve the milk yield of the next fetus and make the fetus grow better, the cow must have dry milk for about 2 months before giving birth.

(10) milking technology and breast massage

Correct milking technique and breast massage are one of the important conditions to improve the milk yield of dairy cows, and reasonable arrangement of milking times can greatly improve the milk yield and quality. If the milk yield is below 15 kg one day and night, the secondary milking system can be adopted. Milk yield 15 ~ 30kg, milking three times a day; Squeeze more than 30 kg for 4 times; In the same situation, primiparous cows need to be milked again, because the breasts of primiparous cows are still in the stage of growth and development, and the capacity is small, so they need to be milked again. In addition, it is also to increase the massage stimulation to the breast and promote the further growth and development of the breast. Scrubbing the breast with warm water at 45 ~ 50℃ before milking will cause reflex dilation of blood vessels and increase breast blood flow. Scrubbing and massaging the breast can promote the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland through the nerve center, and make the breast have a strong milk ejection reflex. Combined with skilled milking techniques, higher milk yield can be obtained. Usually after the breast is stimulated (45 seconds), the breast begins to swell, and occasionally the nipple leaks milk, indicating that the cow has begun to discharge milk. Therefore, after 60 seconds (no more than 90 seconds at most) of breast scrubbing and massage, milking must be started. Thoroughly scrubbing and massaging the breasts can not only increase the milk yield 10% ~ 20%, but also increase the milk fat rate by 0.2 ~ 0.4 percentage points. If the breast is not massaged before milking, only 10% ~ 25% of the milk with breast bubbles will enter the milk pool, while 70% ~ 90% of the milk bubbles will enter the milk pool after full massage. The milk fat rate in the milk pool is only 0.8% ~ 1.2%, in the milk duct, 1.0% ~ 1.8%, and as high as 10% ~ 12% in the acinus. The milk accumulated in the breast can not only become the accumulated stock for the next milking, but also hinder the secretion of milk and affect the lactation speed. Therefore, incomplete milking every time will reduce the average milk fat rate and easily cause mastitis.

After milking, let the cow stand for about 1 hour, so that the sphincter of nipple can be completely contracted, which can prevent nipple from contacting the ground prematurely and reduce breast diseases.

(1 1) Body size

Generally speaking, cows of the same breed and age have large digestive organs, large food intake and high milk yield. Under normal circumstances, when the weight of dairy cows is 600 ~ 700 kg, the milk yield is relatively high. When calculating the relationship between body shape and milk yield, the milk yield of Holstein cattle per 1000 kg body weight should reach or exceed 1000 kg. In dairy cattle breeding, body size is an important breeding index. Any kind of cow has an ideal weight under different natural conditions. Under normal circumstances, cows of the same breed and age should choose large ones.

In addition, strictly abide by the operating rules, such as timing and positioning (the order of milking cows. Squeeze the first primiparous cow without breast disease, then the postpartum cow without breast inflammation, then the cow with mastitis in history but now asymptomatic, and finally squeeze the cow with abnormal milk in each milk area), assign staff, scrub and massage the breast carefully, and don't make any noise during working hours, which are beneficial to the secretion and discharge of milk. On the other hand, if there are many noisy people, the noise is constant, the milking time and location are not fixed, and the milkman is often changed. It can inhibit the milk secretion and excretion of dairy cows, thus reducing milk production.