Harm control methods of the Yellow River

The 800-kilometer-long suspended river in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is the highest in the world. At present, the height of the suspended riverbed is 3-5 meters higher than that of the plains outside the banks of the two banks, and some of them reach 10 meter. The reason is that the Yellow River has a large amount of sediment, and 1/4 of the 6,543.8+0.6 billion tons of sediment is accumulated on this section of riverbed with small slope and gentle water flow every year.

How did this happen? As long as we look through history and examine its origin, we can know that it has not been like this since the river disaster. This was true not only from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty, but also from the Tang and Song Dynasties. During that long time, the lower reaches of the Yellow River were basically rivers with frequent diversions, and the places that entered the sea were either north or east or south, with different lengths, but mainly flowed into the Bohai Sea from the north. Since the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, 1 128 (the second year of Jianyan), in order to prevent the nomads from going south. At the end of Kaifeng, the garrison decided to open the Yellow River to stop the Jin army, which was the beginning of the long-term flooding of the Yellow River southward. However, from 1 128 to the end of Yuan Dynasty, there was no stable riverbed in the early Ming Dynasty, but Liu Huang was divided into many strands, which flooded the vast plains from central Henan to southwestern Shandong, or divided or merged until Qin Long and Wanli in the late Ming Dynasty. In order to ensure the smooth waterway transportation and the safety of transporting millions of stone grain from Jiangnan to Beijing every year, it is necessary to stabilize the riverbed of the Yellow River. In this way, the canal can "divert the Yellow River" to the south of Xuzhou, and the north of Xuzhou will not be impacted and damaged by the diversion of the Yellow River, and the Yellow River water in the south of Xuzhou will not be blocked and hinder water transportation. So gradually formed a policy of combining yellow and cloud. Wan Gong (called 592), an expert in harnessing the Yellow River during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, clearly stated in his monograph "Harnessing the Yellow River and Harnessing the Canal" that "if you want to go up the river to recover the old road, you should cut off from Henan Tongwa and make the east go to the East China Sea. Then Henan and Xuzhou will never be flooded. Is it possible to build territorial waters at a high level? " In other words, the Yellow River refers to canal management and smooth traffic. If it's not to transport food from the south of the Yangtze River to Beijing, it's only to avoid the harm of the Yellow River. As long as the Henan copper tile box breaks the north bank of the Yellow River and makes the Yellow River go east to the Bohai Sea, there will never be a flood of the Yellow River in Henan, Xuzhou and Pizhou. Because this is a strategic situation, it is easy to achieve the goal of simply treating the yellow river. Is it okay? Can you solve the water transportation problem?

This view completely changed the traditional policy of ignoring cloud rule, which should be said to be relatively progressive at that time.

In order to achieve such a goal of controlling the Yellow River around traffic, the measures taken must meet two requirements: that is, the Yellow River cannot harm the canal, and the water from the Yellow River should be used to supplement the canal. The methods adopted are: first, building dikes on both sides of the Yellow River to fix the riverbed of the Yellow River; second, using the Yellow River to scour the accumulated sand on the riverbed to prevent the riverbed from silting. Conversely, the consolidation of dikes on both sides of the Yellow River has become a tool to attack sand with water. However, in practice, because the lower reaches of the Yellow River are flat, the problem of sand disaster cannot be completely solved, so the riverbed of the Yellow River is constantly raised year by year, and so are the dikes on both sides. After more than 300 years of accumulation from the late Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, it also formed a world-famous hanging river. In the late Ming Dynasty, when the policy of "fixing river bed with water and attacking sand with water" was put forward and started to be implemented, it was not without objection. For example, Yang Yikui, another former river facies at that time, pointed out that attacking sand with water had the potential danger of strengthening the river hanging on the ground. He believes that "those who are good at managing water should not be hindered." In recent years, water has been added to build dikes. The water is high in the air and not too high to cross the river. Water can be irrigated. " At the same time, it also pointed out: "From Xu (state) down, the river bank is getting higher and higher, but it is connected with the river bank, and the river bank is connected with Xu (state) city. The dike will increase the river course, you can rest assured. " Others pointed out that "consolidating dikes and bundling water,

Instead of receiving the benefits of the play, I rushed. "or pointed out that" because of the impermanence of the Yellow River migration, a remote dike was set up to beam water into the trough. Moreover, the river county is getting higher and higher, below the Xu department, and the residents are at the bottom. "However, because there is no better way to cure Huang Baoyun, I know that I can't do it after practicing for hundreds of years. As a result, the river hangs higher and higher on the ground. Once the breach, how the Yellow River water moved to the sky caused great losses to the people, and the tragic scene continued until liberation. The threat of hanging river is like the sword of democritus, and its shadow has not disappeared. Although the Yellow River did burst in Tongwa Room in 1855 (the fifth year of Qing Xianfeng), it moved eastward to the Bohai Sea. However, the task of transporting wine on the North-South Grand Canal has long been lifted. Is it necessary for our policies, measures and requirements for harnessing the Yellow River to follow the direction left over from the Ming and Qing Dynasties?