Classification of literary works?

1. Novel A. Novel is a literary genre that focuses on shaping characters, expresses their thoughts, feelings and personality characteristics through complete storylines and specific environmental descriptions, thus widely and profoundly reflecting social life. Novels are divided into novels, short stories and novellas by length. The novel describes complex events and many characters, thus reflecting a broader social and historical picture; Short stories describe fewer characters, and the story is simple, focusing on a scene or an event in social life to highlight the character of one or two characters; A novella is somewhere in between, describing several characters and a less complicated story. It is deeper and wider than short stories, but the life capacity is not as good as novels. There is also a mini-novel (or "short story"), which is generally only about 1000 words, and it is also a short story. According to different contents, novels can be divided into romance novels, historical novels, science fiction novels, martial arts novels, condemnation novels and psychological novels. According to style and format, it can be divided into epistolary novels, diary novels, chapter novels and series novels. Plot, characters and environment are the three elements of a novel. Plot is the first element of a novel. Plot is the history of characters' development and an important means to express their character, behavior, thoughts, feelings and psychological state. The plot of the novel must be complete first, from the beginning, development, climax to the end of the story, which requires a complete plot. Secondly, it should be compact, that is, concise without redundancy, centralized without dispersion, clear main line and appropriate jumping without interruption. Third, it should be novel, that is, unconventional, so as to avoid the boring feeling that readers "know the end after reading the beginning". In order to make the novel fascinating, the plot should be vivid and tortuous; At the same time, the novel uses detail description, which is an important means to enrich the plot. In the development of the story, the novel should reproduce the distinctive personality by directly describing the appearance, behavior and psychological state of the characters. Creating characters is an important task of novels. The characters in the novel are all fictional, and they are all made up by the author in combination with some characteristics of different prototypes in real life. Therefore, the characters portrayed in the novel are called "typical images" or "typical characters". There are generally two kinds of characters in character novels: one is based on someone in life and processed on this basis, but the creation is not limited by real people; The other is the combination of characteristics of a large number of similar people in life. As Lu Xun said, "the character models are all the same, and none of them are dedicated." Often the mouth is in Zhejiang, the face is in Beijing, and the clothes are in Shanxi, which is a patchwork of feet. " (How do I start a novel) Environment is the third element of a novel. Environmental description includes historical background, times atmosphere, interpersonal relationship, humanistic customs, natural scenery and so on. The characters in novels always live in a specific environment, and the environment always serves the specific characters. Environment and characters interact and influence each other. First, the environment makes people. Environment is not only the place where characters live, but also provides motivation for their activities. Secondly, the characters also create the environment. Characters are in a certain social environment, and at the same time they transform the environment through their own practical activities. Environment includes social environment and natural environment. Social environment plays an important role in the formation and development of characters' personalities. C. The methods of describing characters in novels mainly include portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description and detail description. 2. Prose A. The concept of prose: Prose refers to those styles that pay attention to directly expressing the author's feelings about life, pay attention to subjective expression, and don't pay attention to the rhyme of parallel prose. According to the traditional view, prose is an essay that is different from verse and parallel prose. It can also be said that all articles without rhythm and rhythm, such as biographies, memoirs, travel notes, fables, myths, notes, etc., can be included in the category of prose. This is prose in a broad sense. Prose in a narrow sense refers to short and pithy articles written in concise, beautiful and vivid literary language, describing people, events and scenes. B. The main characteristics of prose: A. The materials are wide and varied, and the associations are rich and ingenious, and they are not limited by time, space and region. B is short and pithy, with profound and concentrated thoughts, and expresses the essence of real life from what the author sees, hears, thinks and feels. C. the structure is free and easy, and the forms are diverse and complicated; According to the needs of the content, it can be carefully cut, dispersed and closed. D. the expression method is flexible and rich in change and development; It can integrate narration, description, lyricism and discussion, or it can combine narration with discussion, narrate the scene with things and touch the feelings from the scene; It does not require complete stories and complete characters, nor does it require showing the whole process of contradiction development. E. The language is concise, harmonious, concise and beautiful, and the language of prose is the most stylized language. Authors can express their thoughts, experiences, hobbies and personalities in different styles of language. C. Classification of Prose According to different contents and expressions, prose can be divided into three categories: narrative, lyric and argumentative. Narrative prose expresses thoughts and feelings by describing events and characters; Lyric prose either expresses ambition with objects, expresses emotion with scenery, or expresses feelings directly, lamenting mountains and rivers, so as to arouse readers' love and hate; Argumentative prose shows the author's views, positions and attitudes by pointing out the right and wrong of people and things. 3. Drama A. The concept drama of drama is a comprehensive stage art, which shapes the image of stage art through literature, music, dance, art and other artistic means, thus revealing social contradictions and reflecting real life. B. the type of drama. Judging from the different artistic forms and expressions of drama, it can be generally divided into drama, opera, ballet and opera. Drama is the youngest kind of drama art, which takes the dialogue and behavior of characters as the main means of expression. Drama is generally suitable for reflecting modern life, and its main feature is dialogue. In drama, depicting characters' personalities, developing story lines, expressing themes and rendering atmosphere are all realized through dialogue between characters. Dialogue should be standardized, personalized, concise, vivid and easy to understand, so as to reflect real life. For example, Qu Yuan by Guo Moruo, Thunderstorm by Cao Yu and Longxugou by Lao She. Opera Opera is a kind of dramatic art, which focuses on the singing of actors, accompanied by music and dance. The lyrics of opera should not be in the form of prose, but in the form of poetry. The language of lyrics requires neatness, symmetry, rhythm and emotion. Lyrics are poems, and good lyrics are good poems. Such as Jiang Jie, Honghu Red Guards, White-haired Girl and Liu Hulan. Dance drama is a dramatic art that takes the dance movements and expressions of actors as the main means of expression and is accompanied by music. Dance drama, without lines, mainly depends on the actors' dance movements to express emotions, shape characters, render the environment and atmosphere and reveal the theme. Dance drama should show stories, so there are two main types of dance in dance drama, one is performance dance, and the other is plot dance. Performing dance is used to describe the background of the plot and the characteristics of its times and environment. Plot dance is used to express and reveal contradictions and conflicts and develop the story. For example, Knife Meeting, Silk Road Flower Rain, Red women soldiers and Swan Lake Abroad are all excellent dance dramas. Opera Opera is an opera with national characteristics in China. It combines singing, dialogue, dance, music, martial arts, acrobatics and fine arts, forming a unique art form, such as Beijing Opera and various local operas. There are more than 300 kinds of operas in China, such as Beijing Opera, Henan Opera, Yue Opera, Huangmei Opera, Sichuan Opera, Guangdong Opera, Qin Opera and Shandong Opera.