What is the focus of the book Communication Course?

The following are the highlights of the communication course. I hope you succeed in your studies.

The first chapter is the research object and basic problems of communication.

Section 1: Looking at the research object of communication from the definition of communication.

First, how to grasp the concept of communication

Cooley's definition of propagation P2; Peirce's definition of communication P2-3; Shi Lamu's definition of P3 transmission.

Second, communication and information.

Information definition P4, special attributes of social information P4-5

Third, the definition and characteristics of broadcasting

Definition of communication: the transmission or operation of social information system; Five characteristics of human social communication P5-6

Section 2: Communication is a science that studies social information system and its laws.

P8, the research object of communication.

I. Systematization of broadcasting: five types of social communication (people, people, groups, organizations and the public)

Second, the characteristics of social information system: four characteristics of social information system P 10

Third, the operation of social information system and social development: communication barriers and communication barriers p11; Communication task P 1 1- 12

The third part: Marxist spiritual communication and communication theory.

1. Grasping communication in the big system of human communication activities —— The essential difference between Marx and Engels' communication theory and American communication theory

Second, grasp communication from the dialectical relationship between material communication and spiritual communication: the dialectical relationship between spiritual communication in spiritual production and material communication in material production p16-17; Independence and initiative of spiritual production and spiritual communication

Iii. Studying Communication to Serve the Social Development of China: Building Three Principles of Communication in Socialism with Chinese characteristics (P 18).

Chapter II History and Development of Human Communication Activities

Section 1: From animal transmission to human transmission

First, the spread of animal society.

Second, the limitations of animal transmission: the limitations of P24 animal transmission

Third, labor creates human language: Engels' exposition on labor creating language P26-27.

Four. Initiative and Creativity of Human Language: Four Basic Features of Human Language P27

The second part: the development of human communication.

First, the era of oral communication: the meaning of spoken language (naming) P29；; The limitation of spoken language P29-30

Second, the era of writing communication: the emergence of writing P30; ; P3 1 the significance of the invention of Chinese characters

Third, the era of printing communication: the invention of printing (China Paper Printing, Gutenberg Printing Machine) P 31-32; The significance of printing media (the exposition of and Guo's supplement) P32

Fourth, the era of electronic communication: the significance of electronic media (breakthrough in time and space and speed, externalization of audio-visual information system) P33；; Development trend of computer and electronic media (computer, wireless, communication satellite and digital technology) P33-34

Section III: Information Society and Information Dissemination

The concept of information society P35

First, the evolution of media communication and social development: Hart's media dichotomy P35-36

2. Information explosion and information society: three stages of Bell's social development P37: Three waves in toffler P38: ; Four characteristics of information society in economic structure P38

Third, welcome the arrival of a highly information-based society: two stages of post-war social informatization (primary and advanced) P39；; Three characteristics of "highly informatized" society P39: Building information society (NII, GII)P39； in all countries of the world; ; China information construction P39-40；; ; Introduction to the history of human development P40

Chapter III Symbols and Significance of Human Communication

Part one: The function of symbols in human communication.

I. Symbol definition: the symbol definition of Nagano P42-43.

Second, signals and symbols: the characteristics of signal P44; ; The sign is different from the signal P44.

Three. Linguistic symbols and nonverbal symbols: three nonverbal symbols P45

Four, the basic functions of symbols: the three basic functions of symbols P46

Section 2: Meaning communication in human communication.

I what is meaning: the definition of meaning P47

Second, the classification of symbolic meanings: three different types of meanings P48；; Fuzziness of language symbols P49

Three. Meaning in the process of communication: In addition to symbolic meaning, there are three meanings involved in social communication activities (sender's meaning, receiver's meaning and situation formation) P49-50.

Part III: Symbolic social interaction.

First, human symbolic behavior: symbolic behavior p 51; Characteristics of symbolic behavior p 51; Symbolic interaction theory P52

Second, symbolic social communication: symbolic social communication P52；; The premise of meaning exchange (* * * connected meaning space) P53；; The materialist symbol view of social communication P54

Three. Symbol culture and modern society: the inheritance and development of symbol system ("inherited concept system" restricts social life and human behavior, and people will change old symbols and create new ones) P54-55；; ; Symbolic environment of modern society P55；; Two reasons for restricting the appearance of symbolic environment P55-56

Chapter four: the process and system structure of interpersonal communication.

The process and systematicness of information dissemination

Part I: The basic process of communication.

I elements of communication process: elements of communication process (sender, information, media, receiver, feedback) P58-59.

Second, several main modes of communication process: the duality of P59 mode

(1) Linear model of broadcasting process: lasswell's propagation process model; Shannon-weaver mathematical model

(2) The circular interactive mode of communication process: the circular mode of osgood and Shi Lamu; Shi Lamu's mode of mass communication process; Derfler's interactive process model

Three. Characteristics of communication process: Three characteristics of communication process P64

The second part: the systematic structure of social communication.

First, the study of communication process and communication system: the necessity of the study of total communication process.

Second, the social communication structure under the institutional model: the institutional model of the Riley couple; Malezke's System Model of Mass Communication Process

Third, the general process theory of social communication: Japanese scholars' research on the general process of communication: Tanaka Yoshihisa's mass communication process schema; Understanding of four aspects of the general process of social communication under historical materialism P70-7 1

Chapter V Interpersonal Communication and Interpersonal Communication

Part I: Interpersonal communication

Definition of interpersonal communication: P73

1. Process and structure of human communication: The human body has the characteristics of information communication system P74.

Second, interpersonal communication as a dynamic consciousness and thinking activity: several links and elements of interpersonal communication (sensory perception representation, conceptual judgment and reasoning) P76-77；; ; Understand P77 from four aspects.

3. Interpersonal communication as a social psychological process: Meade's "subject and object" theory (subject and object concept P78, subject-object relationship P79); Brummer's "self interaction" theory (people can self interaction P79, and the essence of "self interaction" is the internalization of social interaction P79-80); Mead's viewpoint on introspective thinking P80-8 1

Section 2: Interpersonal communication

P8 1 the definition of interpersonal communication

1. Motivation of international communication: four motivations of interpersonal communication P82-83；; ; Cooley's "Me in the Mirror" Theory P82-83

Second, the characteristics and social functions of interpersonal communication: four characteristics of interpersonal communication (diverse channels, flexible methods, rich and complex meanings, strong two-way communication and non-institutionalization) P83-84；; ; Social function of interpersonal communication: two main research fields

Third, interpersonal communication and self-expression: interpersonal communication is a real "multimedia" communication; Communication function of posture; Appearance image and self-expression; Self-expression and social value norms P85-88

Chapter VI Group Communication and Organizational Communication

Part I: Group communication

First, the characteristics and social functions of groups

The concept of (1) group: concept P89；; Two characteristics of population P90; ; Two groups; Organizational groups and non-organizational groups

(B) the social functions and significance of groups: the three social functions of groups P9 1

Second, group communication and its internal mechanism

(1) Group Communication and the Formation of Group Consciousness: Three Aspects of Group Consciousness P92 Formation of Group Consciousness P92

(2) The role of group norms in group communication: group norms P92-93；; Four functions of group norm P93; The Role of Group Norms in Group Communication (Internal and External) P93

(3) Group pressure and convergence psychology: the concept of group pressure P94; ; The concept of information pressure P95; ; The Concept of Convergence Psychology P95

Third, the communication mechanism in collective behavior: the concept of collective behavior P95；; Three conditions of collective behavior P96；; Three special communication mechanisms of collective behavior (suggestion and infection; Imitation and anonymity; Abnormal flow) P96-99

Part 2: Organizing communication

I. Organizing and organizing exchanges:

(a) Concept and structural characteristics of organization: broad sense and narrow sense P99； of organization; Three characteristics of organizational structure P 100

(II) Organizational communication and its functions: the definition of organizational communication P 10 1, and the four functions of organizational communication p10102.

Second, the process and mechanism of communication within the organization

(a) Formal communication channels within the organization: three channels P 102- 103.

(b) Informal communication channels within the organization: two forms of P103; ; Three characteristics P 103- 104

(3) Media form of communication within the organization: written media: meeting; Telephone; * * * Media within the organization; computer network

Third, the extreme form of foreign exchange.

(I) Organization's information input activities: enterprise organization information input channel P 106.

(2) Information input activities organized: public relations promotion, advertising promotion and enterprise identification system P 107- 108.

Chapter VII Mass Communication

The first part: The definition, characteristics and social functions of mass communication.

I definition of mass communication: definition of mass communication p11(penultimate line)

Second, the characteristics of mass communication: the six characteristics of mass communication p11-112.

Third, the social function of mass communication: lasswell's three-function theory P113; Wright's four-function theory p114; The generalization of Shi Lamu P 1 14.

Lazarsfeld and Merton's Three-function View P115-116

The second part: the emergence and development of mass communication.

First, mass newspapers and mass communication: the starting point of modern mass communication P116; Four characteristics of cheap papers p117; Cheap paper has completed two transformations of newspapers P 1 17.

Second, telegraph, film, radio and mass communication; The appearance of telegram p 1 17; The appearance of the movie p 1 18; The appearance of broadcast P 1 18.

Third, the development of TV media and contemporary mass communication: the characteristics of TV media p119; Four New Changes in the Development of TV Media P 1 19

The third part: the social influence of mass communication.

First, mass communication and modern life:

Second, two views on the social impact of mass communication; The positive attitude of "based on optimistic expectations" (the views of Bryce, Tarde and Cooley) p121-122; Skepticism (lazarsfeld and Merton, Shimizu Ikutaro, Green's point of view) p123; ; Views on two viewpoints P 123- 124

Third, communication, information environment and human behavior.

(a) Changes in the process of interaction between man and environment: Since the industrial revolution, people's understanding of the environment has undergone fundamental changes.

(2) Mass communication and modern information environment: the concept of information environment P125; ; The third content of information environment p126 (line1-7); Difference of information environment between traditional society and modern society p126; ; Two advantages of mass communication in forming information environment

(3) the phenomenon of "environmental information environment" in modern society: Lippmann's view that modern people are "isolated from objective information" p126-127; Fujitsu Shaw's View of "Environmentalization of Mimic Environment" P 127

Chapter VIII Communication System and Media

Two aspects of control research P 129

Section 1: Communication System and Media Control

I. Political control of the state and the government: the control of the state and the government in four aspects P 130- 13 1.

Second, what are the benefits? When the lemon screen was exhausted, Hao fell on his body? A little greedy? Stranded 132

Third, the social supervision and control of the broad audience: four means for the audience to control the media.

The second part: Several normative theories about communication system.

Six Types of mcguire's "Normative Theory" P 134

First, the theory of media norms under totalitarian system: the background of totalitarian media norms theory P135; ; The main contents of the four adherents of the theory P 135

Second, the theory of media norms under the capital concern system

(1) The theory of liberal media norms: the background of P 136; ; Main principles and principles P 136

(2) Social responsibility theory: its background (P138; ); Main principles and principles P 1339

(3) Democratic participation theory: background P139; ; Point P 1339- 140

Third, the theory of media norms under the socialist system

(1) origin: the ideological points of Marx and Engels' party newspaper p141; Lenin's main viewpoint P 14 1- 142

(b) Soviet Union: Five Principles and Guidelines P 142

(3) China: I have discussed four aspects of communication system (public ownership, party spirit principle, various functions and economic functions) P 143- 144.

Fourthly, the communication system and media norm theory in developing countries.

Five aspects summarized by mcguire P 145

Chapter IX Nature and Function of Media

Two meanings of "media"

Section 1: Media as Tools and Technical Means

First, McLuhan's media theory

(1) Media is information: "Media is information" is McLuhan's summary of the role and position of media in human history (media is truly meaningful information, media is the real driving force for social development, and media is the symbol to distinguish different social forms) P 148.

(2) Media: the extension of people; The content of "media is the extension of human beings" (any media is the extension or extension of human feelings and senses, and the development history of media and society is also the history of "unity, division and reunification" of human sensory ability) P 149.

(3) "hot medium" and "cold medium"; Explanation of the concept of "cold and hot medium" P 149

(4) The significance and limitations of McLuhan's media theory: its significance p150; Limited p149; ; Correctly understand the role of media in social development and form change P 150- 15 1

Second, the real social impact of media tools and technologies.

(1) Concepts of "TV Man" and "Container Man" P 152

(b) Television and human "lust": Sato's "heterosexual lust" and its influence on Japanese values

Third, the balanced development of new media and its influence.

(A) the characteristics and nature of new media: the four characteristics of the development trend of new media P 153- 154

(B) to prevent naive "electronic utopia" thought: "electronic utopia" thought P155; ; The historical origin of "Electronic Utopia" thought P156; ; Media technology neutrality P 156.

Part two: Mass communication as a social organization.

I. Communicators and Mass Media: Three Characteristics of Mass Media P 157

Second, the mass media organizational goals and constraints

(A) the mass media business objectives: two aspects of media economic benefits P 159

(2) the propaganda goal of mass media: the propaganda goal (non-economic income goal) P159; ; Two activities to publicize the goal P 160

(3) Publicity and utilitarianism: three foundations of publicity and utilitarianism of mass media P160; ; Publicity and utilitarianism are the rights and constraints of mass media (P160; ); The restrictions on "business objectives", "publicity objectives" and "public welfare" vary with specific media organizations (P 16 1).

Third, the role of media organizations in information production.

(A) the "gatekeeper" theory of news selection: White's "gatekeeper" model and its later supplement P 162.

(2) Mass media standard: the objective attribute of news information; Business standard and market standard in news selection P164; ; Different views on news reporting and propaganda P 164 (Socialism and Capitalism)

(C) the nature of the check process: political, economic and ideological reasons should be considered when understanding the nature of the check (P 165).

Chapter X Audience of Mass Communication

Section 1: "Volkswagen" and mass society theory

First, the concept of the public.

The main characteristics of "the masses" in mass society theory P 168

Second, the formation and change of mass society theory: the early aristocratic view (Ortega view) P169; ; Criticism of fascist totalitarianism (Mannheim's point of view) P179; American postwar mass society theory (Mills' view) P170; ; How to evaluate mass society theory (six basic conditions for the establishment of mass society) P 17 1

Third, mass society theory and communication.

Mass society theory's "passive" audience view (Shimizu Ikutaro; "Replication dominates" society and its reasons, and two principles of "replication domination" transforming into "psychological violence" P172-173; The change of audience view in recent years (emphasizing its initiative) P 173

The second part: Several main audience views.

Klaus' Three Different Views on Audience Size P 174

I audiences belonging to members of social groups

There are many factors that restrict the audience's access to mass media. "selective contact hypothesis" P 176

Second, as the audience of the "market"

Definition of "audience" from the market perspective P177; ; Three basic understandings of the audience market (or consumer) point of view P177; ; The changing process of the view that "the audience is the market" p177; ; Four problems from the perspective of "audience is market"

Third, the audience as the subject of rights.

Three basic rights of the audience (right of communication, right of knowing and right of media contact)

Section III: "Use and Satisfaction"

The basic idea of "use and satisfaction" P 180 is reversed to 1 1- 13 lines.

First, the audience's media contact motivation and usage patterns

(1) Research on the "use and satisfaction" of broadcast media: Herzog people like three psychological needs of knowledge contests: p181; Motivation of listening to soap operas P 18 1

(2) Study on the "use and satisfaction" of print media: Barelare Sen's reading motivation theory (practicality, leisure, boasting and evasion) p181; For six forms of newspaper use, P 18 1- 182

(3) Research on "Use and Satisfaction" of TV media: the research process of "Use and Satisfaction" P182; ; Four Basic Satisfaction Types of mcguire P 182

Second, the social conditions of media contact

The conclusion of the research on children's TV contact behavior in Shi Lamu is P183; ; The Basic Model of Katz's "Use and Satisfaction" Process P 183

Third, the evaluation of the research on "use and satisfaction"

Three meanings of a new perspective in the study of "use and satisfaction": limitations of the study of "use and satisfaction" P 185

Chapter 11 Study on Communication Effect

The first part: the fields and problems of communication effect research.

First, the concept of communication effect

(A) what is the communication effect: the double meaning of communication effect P 188

(2) There are three levels of communication effect: 1 and communication effect; Cognitive level; Psychological and attitudinal levels; Action level. 2. Three levels of mass communication effect P 189

Second, the types of communication effects and research topics: four types of Golding; Five aspects of communication effect are investigated from the communication process: P 190.

Third, the theoretical and practical significance of communication effect: mcguire's three theories on the effect and influence of mass communication: common sense theory, field theory and social science theory.

The second part: the history and development of communication effect research.

Three stages of communication effect research P 193

First, the early "bullet theory" or "subcutaneous injection theory"

Early core view p193; ; The mistake of "bullet theory" P 195

Second, study the theory of "propagation flow" and "limited effect"

The important characteristics and three main research fields of communication effect research in this period P195; The concept of "propagation flow" P 195

(A)' People's Choice':' Ili Survey' summed up five theoretical assumptions P 196

(2) Personal influence and innovation promotion: four "intermediary factors" of personal influence P197; ; Two aspects of Rogers' mass communication process (information flow and influence flow) P 197.

(c) "Mass Communication Effect" and "Limited Effect Theory": Crapa's "Five Theorems" P 198.

(D) "Persuasive communication" effect research

Thirdly, the research on macro-effects since 1970s.

The defects of "limited effect theory" in communication vision and theoretical framework P200:; Three * * * identical features of theories or hypotheses that emerged after 1970s P200；; The difference between macro-effect theory and bullet theory P200

The third part: the process and restrictive factors of communication effect.

Every link or factor in the communication process may have an important influence on the formation of communication effect, and there are many factors that restrict the communication effect.

First, the theme and effect of communication

(1) credibility effect of information sources: two elements of credibility: p 201; Hovland's Concept of "Credibility Effect" P202

(b) "Hibernation effect": the content of Hibernation effect P203

Second, communication skills and communication effects

(1) Single-sided prompt and double-sided prompt: advantages and disadvantages of the two methods P203；; The relationship between the effectiveness of the two methods and the attributes of the communication object P204.

(2) The "immune effect" suggested by both parties: the content of "immune effect" P205.

(c) "Explicit conclusion" and "substantive effect": several general conclusions on this issue P206

(d) "appeal to reason" and "Appeal to Emotion": There is no consistent principle about which method is more effective.

"Alarm effect": experimental result P208 of Dzhanis.

Third, the communication object and communication effect

(a) The role of opinion leaders: the concept of opinion leaders P209；; Public opinion leaders have four basic characteristics P209；; Three Indicators of Measuring Opinion Leaders P2 10

(B) the influence of group ownership and group norms: two basic perspectives of group influence on individuals P2 10.

(3) The communicator's personality and communication effect: Dzhanis's self-confidence hypothesis P2 1 1.

Chapter XII Macro-communication Effect of Mass Communication

Part one: Mass communication and environmental cognition.

I. Overview and characteristics of the theory of "agenda setting function"

Mccombs and Xiao's viewpoint P 214; ; Three characteristics of agenda-setting function theory

Second, the research of "agenda setting function"

Three mechanisms for checking the agenda setting function (perception mode, highlighting mode and priority mode P2 16)

Weaver's Three Public Issues (Personal Issues, Conversation Issues and Public Issues) P2 16

Characteristics of "Agenda Setting" of Different Media P2 17

Thirdly, the significance and problems of the theory of "agenda setting function"

Significance: It plays an important role in getting rid of the "finiteness theory" in the study of communication effect, and makes people pay attention to the control problems behind the mass communication process (P2 17-2 18).

Problem: It is impossible to absolutize P2 18 only by emphasizing "formation" but not "reflection".

Part two: mass communication, social psychology and public opinion.

First, an overview of the "spiral of silence" theory

Three propositions constitute a hypothesis: the expression of personal opinions is a social and psychological process; The expression of views and the spread of "silence" are a social communication process; Mass communication influences and restricts the environment by creating a "public opinion environment". P220-22 1 has three points: P22 1.

Second, the theoretical characteristics of the "spiral of silence"

The public opinion view of the "silent spiral" theory when investigating the relationship between mass communication and public opinion: the understanding of public opinion by different disciplines (political philosophy view, sociology view, behavioral science view, social psychology view P 221-222; The content of Neumann's "spiral of silence" theory P222

The effect view of "spiral of silence" theory in investigating the relationship between mass communication and public opinion P222

Thirdly, research and criticize the theory of "spiral of silence"

Four shortcomings of The Spiral of Silence; "Fear of social isolation" should not be an absolute constant, but a conditional variable; The pressure of "majority opinion" and the resistance to it vary according to the type and nature of the problem; The social pressure of "majority opinion" is restricted by social tradition, culture and social development stage; Ignoring the changing process of public opinion and the role of "minority" P223-224

Two important meanings of "spiral of silence" P224

Section III: The subtle influence of mass communication.

Three realities closely related to human behavior (objective reality, symbolic reality and subjective reality) P224

First, the origin and background of the theory of "cultivation"

The content of Gerbner's "cultivation" theory P226

Second, the "self-cultivation" theory of the basic views of society and communication

The function of mass communication in modern media society to provide social "* * * knowledge" is far beyond the "melting pot" of religion and education in traditional society (wide spread and easing contradictions and conflicts; Further explanation: emphasize the great role of mass communication in the formation of "* * * knowledge" and point out the negative social consequences brought by mass communication.

The unique advantages of TV media in the formation of "* * * knowledge" P227

Third, the peripheral "cultivation" theory.

Three aspects of cultural indicators research (system analysis, information system analysis and cultivation analysis) P228-229

Part IV: Mass communication and class differentiation in the information society.

First, the "knowledge gap" theoretical background: Ticino's "knowledge gap" hypothesis P230

Second, the "knowledge gap" theory and its counter-proposition:

(a) The central content of the "knowledge gap" model of Songberg P 231; Three reasons for the expansion of "knowledge gap" in Ticino P23 1

(B) the "upper limit effect" hypothesis: the content of the "upper limit effect" hypothesis P23 1

Third, the application research of the theory of "knowledge gap" is of great significance.

The main points of Cartsman's "information gap" theory P232-233；; ; Two countermeasures to narrow the social "information gap" and even "knowledge gap" P234

Chapter XIII International Communication and Global Communication

Section 1: From International Communication to Global Communication

I concepts of international communication and global communication

(a) International communication: Tsukiki's definition of "international communication", P237

(B) Global communication: the main content of global communication research (Friedrich) P239

Second, the impact and influence of global informatization

Changes in the human world (economy, politics, culture) caused by the formation of global information dissemination system P240; ; The global information dissemination system has changed the form and content of traditional international media (form: international broadcasting has become transnational satellite radio and television; Content: External publicity has been transformed into comprehensive cultural output) P24 1

Section II: Debate about the world information dissemination order.

1. Imbalance of information production and circulation in the world: existing gaps and problems (polarization between "information-rich countries" and "information-poor countries" and unequal structure of one-way information circulation in the world) P243

Second, the "new world order" debate:

Phase I: Algiers Declaration (1973)

The second stage: mass media manifesto (1978), One World with Multiple Voices (1980) and Tavaro manifesto (198 1).

The third stage: new issues such as "information sovereignty" and "cultural conflict" P247

Part III: Some important topics in the study of international communication and global communication.

P248, the core issue of the "new world information order" debate

First, the value of news in international reporting: six conclusions of the study of "foreign news in the media" P249

Second, information and national sovereignty: the concept of information sovereignty and its three aspects P25 1, the opinions of scholars in developing countries P252.

Three. Three characteristics of cultural imperialism P253. Two Practical Problems in Studying Media Imperialism

Chapter XIV History and Main Schools of Communication Studies

The first part: the origin, formation and development of communication.

Three reasons for the spread of P257

First, the origin of early academic communication ideas

Western Europe: Tade's model theory P258, Smilon's propagation network theory P259.

United States: Dewey: Characteristics of Education and Mass Communication P259, Crying for Interests: A Study of Communication in Social Organizations, Primary Groups and the Concept of Self in the Mirror P259, Parker: Social Interaction Theory Emphasizes Communication, P259-260, Definition of Communication, Mead: Subject and Object P260, Lippmann:.

Second, the founder and subject pioneer of communication.

(A) lasswell: three basic functions of communication and 5W mode P26 1

(b) Lei Wen: janitor study P26 1

(C) hovland: psychological experimental methods into communication, the conditions and complexity of the formation of communication effects P262.

(D) lazarsfeld: the contribution of two-level communication theory and research methods P262

(e) Shi Lamu: Contribution to the discipline construction of communication (establishing educational institutions, compiling teaching materials and publishing works) P263.

Third, the contribution of information theory and cybernetics to communication science.

(a) Shannon's information theory and communication: the contribution of information theory to communication (universality and mode of communication) P265

(B) Weiner's cybernetics and communication: the application of cybernetics in communication P266

The second part: the main schools of communication.

First, the spread of empiricism:

(A) the significance and limitations of empirical methods: the three main principles of empirical research methods P267；; Four restrictions P267

(b) American positivism: the research purpose of pragmatism P268；; Pluralistic social view P2668

(III) Main research results of the positivist school: 14 Main research results of the positivist school effect P26669-270.

Third, the spread of critical school.

(A) the origin and status of the critical school: the difference between the critical school and the empirical school (different research purposes, different social views) P27 1-272

(2) The main school of critical school: political economy school P273；; School of Cultural Studies P273-274；; ; Theory of ideological hegemony P274-275；; ; Habermas's Critical Theory P275

Chapter 15 Research Methods of Communication (omitted)