Russia's politics, economy, culture, history and foreign policy after the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

Russia's economy, politics and diplomacy after the disintegration of the Soviet Union

Russian Federation, Russia or Russia for short. It is the largest country in the world, spanning Europe and Asia and bordering many countries. Russia is the biggest successor of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was once the first socialist country in human history, the center of the international production movement, and made great achievements on the road of socialist revolution and construction. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia became the biggest inheritor of Soviet heritage and the largest country in the Commonwealth of Independent States, but it could not be compared with the Soviet Union in terms of strength and status, as well as internal affairs and diplomacy. However, in recent years, with the domestic political stability, economic recovery and the gradual independence of foreign policy, Russia has played an increasingly important role in the international arena, becoming an important pole in the multipolar world pattern, and increasingly showing the trend of rejuvenating the great powers.

Russia ranks first in the world in land area and rich in natural resources, ranking first not only in the Commonwealth of Independent States, but also in the ranks of world powers. The struggle for power and hegemony before the disintegration of the Soviet Union dragged down Russia's national strength to some extent. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia took a series of effective measures to restore and develop Russia's comprehensive national strength.

The degree of a country's economic development, the implementation of political measures and diplomatic strategies are the three most important aspects to evaluate the country's comprehensive strength.

Economically, after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia first adopted the "shock therapy" economic reform plan put forward by Yeltsin at the Fifth People's Congress in 199 1. The main measures are as follows: First, implement austerity policies to control inflation. Tightening finance, capital construction and concentrated investment; Increase fiscal revenue and implement a tough tax policy. Tighten credit, control inflation and strictly control the supply of money and credit. Second, implement economic liberalization and transform the entire economic operation mechanism. Cancel economic control to the maximum extent and give economic subjects full economic freedom. Third, realize privatization quickly and complete the transition of basic economic system and economic system. This is one of the core contents of "shock therapy". Although the implementation of "shock therapy" paid a heavy price, the Russian market price system was basically formed at the end of 1993, and privatization was basically completed. At the same time, it destroyed the economic foundation on which socialism depends, making the process of Ross's economic reform and the direction of establishing a market economic system irreversible.

Then there is Russia's many efforts in economic adjustment and recovery. 1993 12 after chernomyrdin became prime minister, he made it clear that the general policy of the previous government's transition to a market economy was to continue to deepen reform, but at the same time he said that the reform strategy must be flexibly revised and supplemented, and economic policies began to be gradually adjusted. First, strengthen national macro-control and implement fiscal stability policies. We have rectified the economic order, strengthened supervision over prices, taxes, foreign exchange, strategic raw materials and energy exports, and formulated a series of economic laws and regulations. Second, implement economic restructuring. Encourage investment, focus on supporting agriculture, energy and competitive enterprises, and selectively nationalize some enterprises. Third, strengthen the social security of residents. Reduce personal income tax, increase the purchase price of agricultural products, increase social security funds, and increase pensions and wages. Fourth, actively adjust foreign trade and economic policies. Turn passivity into initiative, strive for cooperation and encourage foreign investment. At the same time, actively expand foreign economic ties and further integrate with the world economy. Apply to join the World Trade Organization and APEC.

Stepping into the new century of 2 1, Putin was elected president, marking a new historical period for Russia. After Putin took office, in order to restore and revitalize the Russian economy, he put forward the strategic ideas of "strengthening the country and enriching the people" and "realizing rapid economic growth". Advocate the "third way", combine the market economy with Russia's reality, and explore the economic reform and economic development model in line with Russia's national conditions. Strengthen the national macro-control system, improve the investment environment, rectify the economic order, expand consumer demand, and establish an effective financial system. Thanks to the efforts of this government, the Russian economy has maintained rapid growth and entered a relatively stable recovery stage.

Politically, the main goal of Russia's political system transformation after independence is to establish a western-style multi-party conference democracy. Russia's state system of government is the presidential system, and the legislative, executive and judicial powers are separated. The establishment of Russia's "presidential centralization system" has played a positive role in stabilizing the domestic situation and putting domestic political life on the legal track. Putin pursues the line of "strengthening the country and enriching the people" in line with public opinion, fundamentally reforms Russia's political constitution, and takes effective measures to further safeguard national unity and stability. First of all, the federal system was reformed and strengthened, the federal district was established, and the president's representative in the federal district was appointed. Secondly, reform the Federal Council and change the election method of deputies to the Duma. Third, rectify the federal legal order and discipline. Fourth, focus on cracking down on financial, industrial and media oligarchs who have committed serious crimes, and state power will be nationalized again. Fifth, the political party foundation of presidential power has been strengthened. Sixth, Putin severely cracked down on extremist forces such as national separatism and terrorist forces, strengthened the comprehensive management of Chechnya and other places, and consolidated national unity.

In diplomacy, it is often said that the main purpose of diplomacy is to safeguard a country's international interests. However, the interests of any country in the world do not depend on the subjective will of its decision makers, but on the degree of development of this country. In other words, the national interest is a variable, which changes with the rise and fall of power, the increase and decrease of means to obtain benefits and the state of the external situation. After Russia's independence, it has carried out a series of exploration processes in the formulation and implementation of foreign strategy and foreign policy, and experienced the transformation from "one-sided" to "double-headed eagle" all-round diplomacy.

1 "One-sided" foreign policy towards the West. In the early days of Russia's independence, the "Democrats" headed by Yeltsin set the country's foreign strategic goal as to actively seek economic and political support from western countries, help Russia achieve institutional changes, and fully join the western political, economic and security systems. In order to achieve this goal, Russia has adopted a foreign policy of "leaning to the west" and strived to establish a "partner" relationship and an "ally" relationship with western countries. Form a "strategic partnership" with the United States, seek direct economic assistance and investment from the West, keep a low profile in diplomacy, keep in line with the United States on some major international hotspot issues such as sanctions against Iraq, greatly reduce support for India and cancel all kinds of assistance to North Korea one after another.

2 "Double Eagle Head" all-round foreign policy. 1993, yeltsin proposed that Russia "should look at the west and the east at the same time, just like the double-headed eagle on its national flag" and "not only should the interests of the west be balanced, but also the interests of the east should be balanced". 1993, Russia promulgated the basic principles of Russian foreign policy conception and pursued an "all-round" foreign policy; Yeltsin fell behind in visiting South Korea and China at the end of the year; 1994 puts forward the diplomatic principle of "restoring a strong Russia" and defines the core content and overall policy objectives of "restoring the status of a big country and ensuring the sphere of influence"; From 65438 to 0996, primakov became Foreign Minister and began to implement an all-round foreign policy. The theory of multipolar world has become the guiding ideology of Russian diplomacy. From 65438 to 0997, Yeltsin signed the National Security Concept of the Russian Federation, proposing to "strengthen Russia's status as a great power as one of the influential centers in the emerging multipolar world". Through a series of foreign policies, Russia's all-round diplomatic strategy has been established.

At the beginning of the new century, when Putin came to power, new changes took place in Russian foreign policy. The promulgation of that national security concept of the Russian federation define Russia's foreign strategy and foreign policy in the new century: establishing an international system, develope international security cooperation, developing international economic relations, respecting human right and individual freedom, and determining the priority areas of diplomatic activities. This is an innovation based on integration. Proceeding from Russia's national strength, with the core of safeguarding national interests to the maximum extent and the goal of rejuvenating the country, Russia's image as a big country has been enhanced and its position in the international community has been continuously improved. Russia's foreign relations and diplomatic practice: strengthening control over the Commonwealth of Independent States; The focus of diplomacy is in Europe; Attach importance to improving Russia-US relations; Actively develop friendly relations with major Asian countries, first of all, China and India; Actively participate in multilateral diplomatic actions with international organizations as the stage.

Russia's foreign policy adjustment today: Medvedev was elected president of Russia in 2008 and implemented the development strategy formulated by Putin. In diplomacy, it presents a strong feature different from the past. Russia has taken a series of military and diplomatic measures such as sending troops to Georgia, carried out all-round pragmatic diplomacy, and strengthened its relations with CIS countries, India, China and other countries. At the same time, Putin became prime minister, and the "Mapp combination" not only continued Putin's all-round foreign policy in the past eight years as president, but also emphasized Russia's diplomatic initiative in international affairs. With the support of rising national strength, Russia has now been able to take a tough counterattack against NATO's eastward expansion and the deployment of anti-missile bases by the United States in Eastern European countries. Russia's diplomatic measures in 2008 are as follows: strengthening military diplomacy; On the issue of European economic security, a new concept of security is put forward; Pay more attention to emerging economies.

A series of foreign policies adopted by Russia have greatly enhanced its international status, especially since the new century, Russia has made remarkable achievements. In recent years, Russia has taken a positive attitude towards joining the World Trade Organization. Participating in the process of globalization is not only the result of a country's economic growth, but also the driving force to cultivate a mature society. Therefore, the most important value of integration into the world mainstream economy is that it will further promote Russia's opening up and reform. With the acceleration of globalization, Russia's economic development, political stability and diplomatic expansion, Russia will play an increasingly important role in the international arena.