Modern Garden Theory of China's Modern Garden

A new garden theory-grand garden theory;

1 the sprout of grand garden theory

The rapid development of urban modernization has led to the deterioration of the ecological environment. People's desire to protect the environment, improve the environment, get close to nature and return to nature has promoted the rapid development of landscape architecture. On the basis of inheritance and reference, modern gardens in China experienced three stages of mixing, running-in and integration of gardens, urban buildings and urban facilities, and gradually reached some understandings, resulting in the birth of the grand garden theory.

1. 1 Traditional Gardens-The Mixed Stage of Gardens and Urban Buildings and Facilities

Traditional garden is a place for people to imitate nature, enjoy and relax in the process of urban development. During this period, some parks, gardens and memorial gardens were built mainly in independent areas with reference to the gardening ideas of classical gardens. In fact, many gardens in this period were formed after the simple transformation of classical gardens and opening to the outside world. Although the garden at this time ended the narrowness of serving a few people and opened the "garden gate" of opening to the outside world and serving the public, after all, the garden is only an independent garden, and it is not related to urban facilities such as urban buildings and streets. Gardens, buildings and urban facilities are all independent bodies in urban construction, simple mixtures and the primary stage of garden development. Garden research mainly focuses on classical garden modeling and garden viewing.

1.2 urban garden green space system-the running-in stage of gardens, urban buildings and urban facilities

With the further development of urban construction in China, ecological deterioration leads to people's desire for green plants, which leads to the theory of urban garden green space system. This theory emphasizes the combination of point, line and surface in urban landscape construction, and advocates that urban landscape green space should penetrate into the city in a systematic way such as network and radial. Although the garden at this time pays attention to improving the ecological function of the environment, it is still mainly ornamental and lacks multiple functions. During this period, gardens began to explore ways of serving the public and combining with cities, and made great progress. Although there are still distances and differences between gardens and urban buildings and urban facilities, they have already had certain connections and formed mutual infiltration and running-in. This is the intermediate stage of garden development, and garden research has also entered the ecological research and urban garden system research.

1.3 Grand Gardens: the integration stage of gardens, urban buildings and urban facilities.

The idea of grand gardens formed in recent years is developed on the basis of the gradual systematization of traditional gardens and urban gardens and green spaces, and inherits and draws lessons from the classical garden theory, the urban system green space planning theory of the former Soviet Union and the landscape garden theory originated in the United States. Its core is to build garden-like regions, cities and even countries. To realize landscape planning, its essence should be the integration of gardens, buildings and urban facilities, that is to say, the planning and construction of gardens should be considered within the scope of cities, where gardens are cities and cities are gardens. It emphasizes the harmony between man and nature in urban living environment and meets people's needs of improving urban ecological environment, returning to nature and getting close to nature. Meet people's demand for the integration of indoor and outdoor space of buildings, so as to provide working and living environments such as leisure, communication, sports and activities; Meet people's needs for the environmental beauty and natural beauty of hard landscapes such as buildings, rocks, water bodies and plants, and create large-scale urban gardens with ecological, artistic and use functions. Therefore, the grand garden theory is the necessity of urban construction and development, which makes the garden enter the advanced stage of combining with urban architecture and urban facilities, and also makes the garden enter the grand garden stage of comprehensively studying garden art, garden ecology and garden function.

2 the content of garden theory

The development of modern gardens in China has experienced a tortuous process, from greening, beautification and systematic greening to modern urban gardens. Gardeners have expanded and strengthened their landscape science through constant exploration. At present, the field of landscape architecture has included three levels: traditional landscape architecture, urban landscape green space system and landscape planning [1], and initially formed a theory with China characteristics and in line with the development of modern gardens based on ecological gardens, urban system greening and landscape design. Let's sum up the theory of grand view garden for the time being.

2. 1 the core of grand garden theory

The core of grand garden theory is that gardens should not only build parks on limited green space, but also plan the landscape of a region, a city and even the whole country, that is, landscape planning, so as to build the whole region, city and even the whole country into a grand garden and realize the gardening of the city, region and even the whole country. In other words, modern gardens should be combined with urban planning and architecture and considered as a whole, rather than talking about gardens alone. Professor Wu also called for the integration of urban planning, architectural design and landscape design, and made a successful attempt in the planning and design of the external environment of Confucius Institute in Qufu, Shandong Province.

2.2 the content of the big garden theory

The essence of the grand garden theory is the expansion of garden connotation, which makes the garden turn from the narrow sense to the whole region or city or even the earth. It is the integration of garden and city, and the transformation from the garden green space system to the systematic urban grand garden. According to the grand garden theory, the garden should be the overall planning and design of a regional or urban human settlement environment (including natural and artificial environment), focusing on the urban open space, and constructing a grand urban garden with three major functions of ecology, art and use with garden elements such as buildings, mountains, water bodies and plants. Therefore, the grand garden theory should be based on guiding the outdoor space of urban buildings. By studying the coordination between urban planning and urban buildings, we should design the environment of urban facilities and green spaces, including municipal facilities such as urban roads, street lamps and structures and the natural environment on which the city depends, actively participate in urban planning and architectural appearance design, and build a garden-like urban space.

2.3 the purpose of the big garden theory

(1) The Grand View Garden is a harmonious unity of ecological function, artistic function and use function. It is a combination of art and function, which has the ecological function of improving ecology and purifying environment, the artistic function of creating artistic conception and beautifying environment, and the function of people's entertainment and communication. The construction of urban gardens is to use modern design concepts, combine modern urban buildings and facilities, make full use of plants, rocks, water bodies and buildings on the premise of first meeting the urban use functions, create an urban artificial environment with rich cultural connotations, meet people's living needs, and realize the organic combination of the three major functions of gardens.

(2) The grand garden is the harmonious unity of urban architecture, urban facilities and garden art. The traditional urban garden in China is limited to vacant plots outside urban buildings, roads and other facilities, that is, "architecture is the main part, green space is the auxiliary part". The theory of grand garden requires that gardens should pay attention to the integrity of the city, that is, scientifically set up buildings, roads and urban facilities in the planned and designed urban ecological environment. In other words, we should make use of urban facilities such as urban buildings, urban roads, squares, etc., and build the whole urban garden with urban green space to realize the concept that "the city is a garden and the garden is a city".

(3) The grand garden is the harmonious unity of man and nature, and the living environment is a complex system covering all aspects of human life, among which the garden is the most humanized and can best reflect the cooperation between man and nature. Gardens are artificially created, originated from nature, and simulate the natural ecological living environment. The process of garden creation is actually the process of direct interaction between man and nature. The idea of the grand garden is to try to find the combination point between man and nature, so that man and nature can enjoy blending, thus reshaping the urban environment that artificially simulates nature, stepping out of the private circle of the garden and entering the living environment where man and nature enjoy blending.

Traditional garden, urban green space system theory and landscape garden theory are the three pillars of grand garden theory.

Inheritance and reference is one of the ways of any undertaking. When the garden opened the courtyard wall and moved towards the open space of public participation, the west also began to reflect, excessively opposed the attitude, and paid attention to the harmony between oriental people and nature. The collision of the two cultures will inevitably produce many new intersections and lead the garden to a diversified development path. Although the grand garden theory has been formed, it is not mature after all, and there are still many problems to be solved, such as: the design concept of gardens, the requirements and requirements of modern urban construction ideas for garden concepts, the reform of modern garden system, the principle of integration of architecture, urban facilities and gardens, the function and scope of gardens, the knowledge structure and status of landscape architects, the discipline construction and curriculum setting of landscape architecture, and so on. On the basis of inheriting traditional gardens, we must learn and absorb foreign advanced theories, study and improve them, and gradually develop them through continuous practice and exploration to form a complete theoretical system.

3. 1 Traditional garden theory is the basis of grand garden theory.

The 5,000-year history of civilization in China has left us splendid cultural heritage and splendid garden heritage. Classical gardens in China, especially private gardens, reached their peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. They are deeply influenced by painting and poetry in gardening. They emphasize learning from nature, focusing on poetry and painting, and taking creating artistic conception as the core of garden design. Its essence is to shape "nature" with "proximity". By adapting to and using nature, the beauty of artificial is integrated into the beauty of nature, making the garden a part of nature, and expressing the ancient garden view of harmony between man and nature. In the garden design, people are the center, and people and natural elements (buildings, rocks, water, plants) and natural elements are organically combined to form a series of landscape components that are coordinated and complementary, so as to achieve a high degree of harmony between people and nature in the garden as a whole and meet the material and spiritual needs of the garden owners. As a modern garden theory with China characteristics, the grand garden theory should inherit and absorb the creative ideas of classical gardens, combine modern techniques and techniques, and work hard on the connotation and ideas of gardens according to the behavior and appreciation level of modern people, so as to create an urban open space with rich connotations in which people, nature and architecture are in harmony.

3.2 The theory of urban green space system is the way of life of grand garden theory.

The theory of urban landscape greening system emphasizes deepening the study of landscape theory from the ecological point of view, striving to establish an ecologically sound urban landscape green space system, hoping to effectively broaden the scope of gardens and increase the amount of urban green space through continuous extension and infiltration; Through research, the living conditions of garden plants in urban environment are improved, and the species and varieties of garden plants adapted to urban ecological environment are developed to ensure the quality of green space. It is emphasized that a city should first have a considerable amount of greening, so as to improve the environmental quality through reasonable layout. Purifying the environment and improving the environmental quality are the unique functions of green plants, one of the three major functions of gardens, and also the focus of modern garden research. The grand garden theory must attach importance to ecological research, and also adopt roof gardens, vertical greening and other methods to expand the green amount as much as possible and form an organic system.

3.3 Landscape architecture theory is the development direction of grand landscape architecture theory.

Landscape architecture originated in the United States is an international synonym for discipline. It is a discipline that pays attention to open space and its related fields, emphasizing the significance, importance and availability of these space designs. There are many translations in China, but most of them are translated into "landscape design", which was officially recognized as "landscape architecture" by the National Committee for the Examination and Approval of Natural Terms in 1996. Starting from respecting people, nature and human culture, landscape architecture applies the principles of art and science to the research, planning and management of natural environment and artificial environment, and creates a people-oriented, artistic and ecological urban overall environment. After 100 years' development, landscape architecture has formed a complete theoretical system with three aspects as research objects: urban landscape environmental image, environmental ecological greening and public behavior psychology. Its subject coverage has far exceeded the scope of traditional landscape architecture, and the theory of large landscape should be fully used for reference. To establish the theory of grand gardens with China characteristics is to study the planning and construction of urban ecology and urban open space on the basis of rich connotation and culture, realize the trinity of urban planning, architectural design and garden design, and create a humanized, ecological and artistic living environment.

China's modernization needs more and more gardens. However, China's modern gardens are still relatively backward in concept, system, specialty, design concept and gardening practice, and cannot meet the requirements of modernization. In developed countries such as Europe and America, landscape architecture is one of the three pillars of urban construction, and landscape planners, urban planners and architectural designers are the main forces of urban construction, which should be the development direction of landscape architecture in China. We should establish a theoretical system of modern gardens with China characteristics as soon as possible to guide the practice of modern gardens in China.