Longyou rice paper making materials

Longyoupi papermaking technology is a traditional folk manual papermaking technology popular in Longyou County, Quzhou City, Zhejiang Province and its surrounding areas. The raw materials used are mainly local hawthorn skin and wild goose skin, with straw, Chinese alpine rush and other accessories. The proportion of main and auxiliary materials is strict, and the operation procedure is complicated. Paper is grasped by the artist's naked eye observation and manual experience, and it is a living inheritance of traditional manual skills. Longyou leather paper has a history of 1400 years. Its handmade leather paper products are delicate and flexible, and have the reputation of "the treasure of calligraphy and painting". Mr. Qi Gong, a famous calligrapher, praised him as "Longyou's ingenious workmanship, unique" and "the official paper daughter of the Southern Dynasties". In 2009, Longyou leather paper making skills were included in the third batch of Zhejiang intangible cultural heritage protection list; 20 10 Zhejiang Longyou Chen Gang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd. was listed as a non-legacy productive protection base in Zhejiang Province; 20 1 1, Longyou leather paper making technology was included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list; On 20 12, Wan Aizhu, the inheritor of leather paper making skills, was recognized as the representative inheritor of national intangible cultural heritage projects.

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Longyou traditional manual papermaking has a long history, the papermaking industry is prosperous, and it has profound manual papermaking skills and traditions. It is one of the important papermaking producing areas in Zhejiang Province. Longyou is located in Jinqu Basin, with humid climate and abundant sunshine. Qujiang, Lingshan River and Xi Zhi run through the county, and the southern mountainous area is rich in mountain bark and goose skin vegetation, which provides sufficient resources for Longyou leather paper production. As early as the Tang Dynasty, there were "rattan paper" and "bamboo paper", among which the handmade bamboo paper "Yuan Shu paper" was listed as a tribute to writing imperial edicts and scriptures. Lu Rong, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty and a political commissar of Zhejiang Province, said in Liyuan Magazine, "In Quzhou, Zhejiang Province, people take papermaking as their profession and provide paper for official documents every year." Longyou traditional hand-made papermaking technology has unique regional characteristics. According to the New Tang Book and Longyou County Records, the west exit of Longyou is known as the "paper town in western Zhejiang". There is a special chapter in Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations, Rolling to Green, which records the making method of bamboo paper. Longyou bamboo papermaking is slightly different from the above and its technology is more advanced. There is no need for the process of cooking with fire. Bamboo materials are completely cured with lime and then pounded into bamboo pulp. Ming Wanli's "Four Books of Longyou County Records" recorded that Longyou "burned more paper than other counties", which shows that Longyou burned paper very well in Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Longyou's traditional hand-made papermaking skills developed greatly, and there were more than 30 varieties of coated paper products. According to the records in Volume 24 of Longyou County Records of the Republic of China, in the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), there was a paper trough workers' strike in Nanxiang, which was "threatening", from which we can also see that Longyou's paper industry has already had a certain scale. During the Republic of China, the paper produced by Longyou was famous for its thinness, whiteness and toughness. 19 16 the provincial government set up an improved manual papermaking workshop in Xikou. According to the research of Longyou Commercial Gang, there were 3 17 paper troughs in Longyou in 1929, and 1802 grooms, which increased to 350 in 1940. For example, there are 9 1 1 paper troughs in Bukengyuan Village, Lingshan Township, with an annual output of 8,000 tons. At the beginning of the Republic of China, it produced 300,000 tons of paper, mainly yellow paper, white paper and southern paper. According to Zhejiang Construction Monthly 1934, Longyou bamboo pulp and paper export170,000 sheets is more than 900,000 yuan. According to the industry statistics of Zhejiang Yearbook, 1939, Longyou produced 200,000 tons of nanzhi,15,000 tons of stationery and 5,000 reams of handmade newsprint, with a value of1027,000 yuan, accounting for more than half of Longyou's total output value, and became the main industry in Longyou County.

In the Qing Dynasty, Mu Chen Township, Miaoxia Township and Luojia Township mainly produced rattan paper, leather paper, Yuan calligraphy paper and so on, which had a long and systematic inheritance pedigree. After the founding of New China, 1949 A paper trade union was established in Xikou District, Longyou County, and Liu's paper trough became the second village branch in Xikou District, with Mao as the branch director. 1950, the second village branch of Mu Chen Township in Xikou District joined Mu Chen Paper Company (later developed into Longyou Xuan Paper Factory). In the sixties and seventies, industrial papermaking developed rapidly, and folk paper slots decreased sharply. At this time, Longyou leather paper production also quickly turned into a downturn. The original dozens of manual papermaking enterprises and workshops changed manual papermaking into mechanical manufacturing or closed down directly, leaving only some small papermaking workshops in remote mountainous areas still using traditional manual papermaking technology. Wan Aizhu, the representative inheritor of Longyou leather paper making technology and the founder of Zhejiang Longyou Chen Gang Xuan Paper Co., Ltd., has always insisted on making Longyou leather paper by hand, and has always guarded the ancient handicraft of making leather paper and actively inherited and developed it.

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Longyou velveteen production technology completely inherits the long technological process handed down from Longyou traditional papermaking workshop and the rich experience of past dynasties. From raw materials to finished products, relying on ancient production equipment, ancient technological process, traditional material preparation and traditional manual papermaking technology, it has gone through two major processes: tanning and finished product making, with more than 30 processes. The production process of leather includes cutting strips, steaming, peeling, scraping, stepping, spreading, boiling, kneading, squeezing, spreading, washing, beating, selecting leather, washing, drying, bagging and squeezing. According to the actual situation of leather, the process of washing and flattening can be repeated in order to clean pectin, lignin, pigment and other impurities in the bark of Kaempferia kaempferia and Dayan, and improve the quality of paper. The manufacturing process of the finished product includes squeezing, putting the skin into a can, marking, adding juice, stirring, fishing paper, squeezing paper, baking paper, checking paper, cutting paper, packaging and warehousing.

The above two processes can be divided into five processes, which are raw material pretreatment, raw material reprocessing, pulping, paper fishing and post-treatment. There are more than 50 kinds of special tools, such as roller knives, scrapers, rinsing pools, mowers, rakes, plastic containers, steamers, paper curtains, curtain beds, slot angles and curtain bed stops. It is needed in the whole process of making leather paper.

Longyou leather paper takes a long time to make, with fine materials, complex technology and proficient technology. It takes a long time from raw material harvesting to raw material fibrillation (tanning), paper forming and product packaging. The best raw material is bark from two to three years old. If you want to make paper, you need to wait patiently for the bark to grow. Leather production needs to go through more than 20 processes, some of which have strict requirements on temperature and humidity. It takes 2 to 3 days to steam only one material, and it takes longer to dry the skin if it is rainy. Paper forming also needs more than ten processes, especially paper drying. There was no baking equipment before, so I had to rely on the sun for a long time. Fine preparation, in the process of raw material selection, cooking and beating, we should comprehensively grasp various factors, try not to damage raw materials and avoid forming inferior products. After picking the bark, choose it carefully. The first branch is thick, the skin is shiny and there are not many scars. When steaming, there are strict requirements on temperature. If the fire is too big and the leather is overcooked, it will hurt the leather, resulting in the lack of tension and luster of the paper, and the fire is too small to meet the requirements. In the production process of Longyou leather paper, every process is manually operated by the paper maker, and some very subtle details depend on the observation and experience of the paper maker, which requires the paper maker to have high understanding, skilled technology and long-term experience accumulation. For example, most raw materials are processed by methods such as sun exposure, rain exposure and dew extraction. They are natural and have no specific indicators and parameters, and can only be judged by eyes and hands. For example, in the process of fishing paper, the depth of curtain bed entering the pool, the size of shotcrete and the amount of curtain pulp can only be grasped by the experience of paper makers. The paper master's hand feeling and technique, vision and understanding directly affect the quality and effect of the finished coated paper.

Longyou leather paper has a wide variety of finished products, including more than 30 kinds of fairy paper, stationery paper, national color paper and special paper. Longyou leather paper is not only suitable for painting and calligraphy, but also widely used in book binding, packaging and decoration. Leather paper products produced by Longyou Xianxuan Paper Co., Ltd. are exported to Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Singapore and European and American countries, among which "Shou" brand painting and calligraphy paper won the title of "famous brand product" at the International Agricultural Expo and "Top Ten Famous Papers" in Four Treasures of the Study, China.

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The production of Longyou velveteen not only continues the development and inheritance of Longyou papermaking industry, but also is a development track of traditional papermaking in China, bearing a long history. In recent years, Longyou County attaches great importance to the protection and inheritance of Longyou leather papermaking technology, and extensively carries out the collection, collation and protection of traditional technological processes, raw material formulas and papermaking equipment. In 2004, Longyou Leather Papermaking Skill Protection Group was established to protect, inherit and develop traditional skills. Protect old artists, implement skills or inheritance subsidy and reward system, so that they can better play the role of inheritance and cultivate a new generation of Longyou leather and paper talents. Protect the ecological environment, establish a raw material production base of 6.5438+0.5 million mu in Longnan mountainous area, and ensure the supply of raw materials for leather paper production. Carry out national exchange activities on manual papermaking skills. At the end of 20 16, Longyou county released the skills of making Longyou leather paper. Longyou County Archives carried out the collection of intangible materials, and collected the related words, pictures and videos of Longyou Leather Paper making skills into the library for permanent preservation. 20 17 Longyou Xuan Paper Industry Co., Ltd. built Longyou Leather Paper Intangible Exhibition Hall to display ancient paper-making workshops, traditional production tools, handmade paper-making skills and the human history of leather paper for tourists to learn and experience traditional handmade paper-making skills. (Source: Zhejiang Archives Magazine No.8 20 18)