The Historical Origin of Northeast Dialect

Northeast dialect belongs to the branch of Mandarin dialect, and its accent is close to modern Mandarin, which is generally understood by people in other dialect areas, which provides the necessary conditions for the wide spread of Northeast dialect throughout the country in recent years. Northeast dialect is a Chinese dialect. The particularity of this dialect is reflected in the particularity of its origin.

First, there are three periods of geographical composition of northeast dialect in ancient northeast China.

Although Chinese characters were the main body in ancient China, the phonetics and appellations in different parts of Chinese were different. According to Yang Xiong dialect, there are twelve dialect areas, and the northeast belongs to "Yan dialect area". Yan is called "Youzhou". Yan originated in the northeast long before the extinction of the Shang Dynasty, and his surname belongs to "Dongyi". After Qin unified China, Jiuyi was completely assimilated into China. Gubeiyan Korean is a dialect of Chinese. Yan people have a wide range of activities, from the east of Yanshan Mountains to Liaodong Peninsula, and then to the north of Korean Peninsula and the south bank of Songhua River. 1983, the archaeological team found a Yancheng in the north bank of Erlong Lake. Judging from the unearthed rope pottery, it is confirmed to be Yancheng site. People are the carrier of language, and the formation of dialects lies in the flow of people. After two thousand years' efforts, Yan people merged with Qi people and Zhao people who gradually flowed into Northeast China, and languages in different regions were exported and accepted, gradually forming the first stable Chinese dialect period in Northeast China.

"Biography of the Eastern Han Dynasty" said that Jizi Korea "went to Korea for more than forty generations and claimed to be the king. During the chaos in the early Han Dynasty, tens of thousands of people from Yan, Qi and Zhao went to shelter. Yan Man Wei Man broke through the emperor and became korean king. " Set up four Han counties in Korea. In fact, as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, many Han people came to Beiyan and North Korea by land and sea. Among them, Yan people and Zhao people mainly went to Liaodong by land, while Qi people went by sea. "Eight generations did not change the Han style" and formed a Chinese dialect long ago. During the Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Tang and Song Dynasties, the population of southern provinces such as Shandong, Hebei, Henan and Shanxi also flowed into the Northeast. In recent years, many Han tombs in Seoul have been discovered in Sanjiang area of Heilongjiang Province. A site of Guan Bao and 1 1 of the Qin and Han Great Wall was found in Tonghua County, and the eastern end of the Qin and Han Great Wall may be in Tonghua. 20 1 1, the site of Chibi pine in Seoul was discovered in Tonghua County, 20 1 1, and the tomb site of Warring States-Western Han Dynasty was discovered in Houtao Muga near Da 'an. The above historical facts also broke the statement that Jilin Province was a "foreign land in Liaodong" during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and "it was an important argument that the central government of the Han Dynasty ran through the Northeast", referring to the houses of Han people.

Since Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities moved south, especially since Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of unemployed farmers from Shanhaiguan flowed into the northeast, which also contributed to the good situation of the integration of Han and Manchu, forming the third historical period of Chinese dialects in Northeast China.

Second, the Northeast dialect is a living fossil with a history of 4,000 years in Northeast China.

Northeast dialect is a language and culture based on the indigenous languages and Chinese characters of the Han nationality for more than 4 thousand years. Tracing back to the origin of dialects, it can be traced back to ancient times without words. At that time, there was only language communication, not words. Later, although there was a written record language to strengthen memory, it was difficult for language to correspond to words because of the slow spread of words, especially in the remote hinterland. Therefore, there are many ancient folk languages without words. This "ga da" belongs to a language without exact words, and "ga da", "awkward", "corner" and "ga la" belong to the category that words can only be understood but not conveyed. For example, Ghost Road is clever and vivid, which clearly reflects the flexible use of ancient Chinese characters. "Ghost Road" and "Shinto Road" can be universal; Another example is "You get up (read the third sound)". When the illiterate peasants say this, the meaning is clear, which means "Get up and stay away from here". Which word should I use? "He" can correspond to "Shang" according to its action meaning, but different from "Shang", it means "leaving". There are also words without sound, such as "shuttlecock", which was originally a toy in the Han Dynasty, but was used as a metonymy by the Northeast dialect to pronounce "Xuner".

One dialect that best illustrates a long history is the address of children. Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialects call little girls "dragons" and little boys "dragons", while Northeast dialects collectively call children "small ga", girls "small ga" and boys "small seven". According to hieroglyphics, people don't stay. "Ga" and "Ai" are just ancient Chinese characters, which existed at least in the Han Dynasty. This dialect is a living fossil of history.

Third, the northeast dialect is a melting pot of cultural integration of all ethnic groups in Northeast China.

Historically, Northeast China has always been a big stage for the common development and struggle for living space of Han and multi-nationalities. The process of development and competition is the process of language communication and integration. The integration of ethnic groups is first of all the integration of folk customs. With the integration of customs, it will inevitably bring about the integration of languages. The integration of Han indigenous people with Jurchen, Qidan, Fuyu, Koguryo, Mongolian and Manchu in history. These integrations are reflected in dialects with overlapping cultural levels. On the level of the living fossil of Northeast Dialect, we can clearly see the traces of the integration of Chinese and Manchu customs, for example, "travel" originated in Manchu. "Dry stick stare blankly" refers to all colors. Jiutai, Jilin has its Tamu township, and its Tamu, Manchu standing pole trees and dry trees are all dry and dull. "A knot in one's heart is slippery in autumn", which means it is not smooth, has nodules and a big round bag, and is extended to "a knot in one's heart". "Chewing fruit (goo)", something delicious and exquisite. Not only cakes or fruits, Manchu people prepare to chew fruits in the New Year. "Pick you up" led by toys. Hum, from Daur Mongolian, is the name of shoes. "Zhagu", borrowed from Mongolian, originally meant to see a doctor, and extended to dress up and decorate.

In Northeast China, Han people lived with Russians and Japanese for half a century, and the borrowing of language reflected the infiltration of colonial culture. For example, "Shaluoleng" means to speed up, that is, to borrow Russian "sand"; "Hello Rhoda" (small bucket filled with water), "Blagi" (dress) and "Sao Tatar" (soldier) are Russian transliteration; "Cholera" (an acute intestinal infectious disease), and later adopted the English word "cholera" or other foreign words, and so on.

It is not clever for the northeast people to make one thing clear. Folk wisdom always wants to make it interesting, humorous, vivid and poetic, thus creating a new language interest. In Putonghua, two people or two groups of people are close together, and the metaphor of "hand in hand, shoulder to shoulder, intimate heart" is enough, but it is still not satisfactory among the people. Two people can hold hands, but two groups of people can't actually hold hands, let alone "intimacy". These are just metaphors of the official language. Therefore, in the folk, there are "heart-to-heart" and "arm-raising", which are more vivid and touching than "caring with heart". Dialect and Putonghua are also changing, such as "clean up", which means cleaning up and sweeping up, such as "you clean up your rice bowl", changing from dialect to Putonghua or even Putonghua. First, vividness, from static language to dynamic language, from abstract language to vivid language. Its vividness comes from labor, and many immobile words are expressed in a dynamic way. Take "rip off the blind", "rip off" and "rip off the eyes" as examples, which are very abstract words to justify people's mental state. People make up unfounded lies, which are called "blindness" in dialect. "Blindness" comes from the autumn harvest labor in rural areas. When it comes to empty cobs without long grains, it is called "blind corn". Accusing and replacing lying with "lies" is not only vivid and accurate, but also has a strong emotional color. Similarly, "breaking" is also due to the labor of picking corn. The leaves of corn need to be peeled off layer by layer, describing the root of the matter and distinguishing the truth from the false, which is very vivid. Another example is that "nothing can be done", which is used to describe bird catching activities that are quite far away from the countryside. I often plant a little grain in the open space and install a rotating bamboo pole to amuse the birds. Eight poles can't hit a bird, it's too far.

Second, the northeast dialect has great richness. If you drink, don't say "drink", say "scoop", "pour" and "sip". "Affectionate, a bite; Shallow feelings, take a look. " On the wine table, guessing boxing is the most obvious character. The top is "hit" and "hit"; The connotations of "making trouble", "engaging in", "grasping" and "rectifying" are the richest. Common "this gada" and "Nagada".

Third, sense of humor, the language of the Northeast people is full of ridicule, humor, funny two-part allegorical sayings, one-liners and knots, which have been gamified and poetic. Therefore, in the literature of Errenzhuan, it is best to use old sayings instead of Mandarin, and it is best to use local dialects instead of rigid concept words. The strongest feeling is the local accent. Once two people turn to the artist's mouth and say it, they feel humorous.

Chen is a writer who is good at using dialects. We picked out a few words from his stand-alone version of False Reality:

I can't tell whose voice is cold. )

"Why aren't you afraid to sleep with your eyes covered?" I slept too much. )

"Two teas can make a pot-look at that old color!"

Choose a lyric from his "Under the Moon by the Window":

Who doesn't know that I don't remember to shake my mouth when I speak, and my mouth is flat and straight. The more you catch up with the anxiety, the more you add color. Two eyes are the same size and can't say anything. I can't catch up with your glib words, but I can really scream when I'm nervous. This lyric, without specifying which character it comes from, can vividly see the character and local flavor, and the humorous and witty language style is beyond words.

Northeast dialect is an intangible cultural heritage active in people's oral life, and it is the most cherished culture.