Ancient architecture mortise and tenon structure and arch structure

Ancient architecture mortise and tenon structure

1, through the bucket type Han Dynasty mature, the southern provinces used. Along the depth of the direction of the column, the column is more dense, and the column diameter is slightly smaller, without the beam, with the "through" through the column, on which can be set up short columns, the top of the column directly bearing purlin. Advantage is that the material is small, the wind resistance is good; disadvantage is that the indoor column is dense and the space is not wide enough.

2, lifting beam type Spring and Autumn and Autumn mature, the northern provinces used. Along the depth of the direction of the arrangement of stone base, base on the column, columns on the beam, beams on the melon columns, frame short beams, the top is the ridge melon columns, constituting a roof frame; between the roof frame with transverse square contact columns, beams and the top of the melon columns to do transverse purlin, purlin on the rafters and the roof, so that the roof frame is completely connected to a whole Advantages of the indoor less columns or no columns, you can get a large space; disadvantages of beams and columns and other materials, consumption of wood is larger.

3, well dry type will be round or half-round wood at both ends of the open concave tenon, combined into a rectangular wooden frame, layers stacked as a wall - the actual wooden load-bearing structure wall. It consumes a large amount of material, the building face broad and into the deep into the timber length limitations, the appearance of heavy, not widely used.

4, dry appendage: the Dai village in Xishuangbanna in order to avoid the dampness of the ground, so that the ventilation of the floor, to prevent insect and animal infestation, flood control and drainage, with the shape of the situation and other reasons. Formed a two-story building, the upper floor to live, the lower floor to feed livestock.

Arches: Chinese ancient architecture used to link columns, beams, trusses, square a unique component. Began to see the Zhou Dynasty bronze, to the Han Dynasty, its characteristics have been basically formed, the Tang Dynasty is another important stage in the development of China's arch. The arch is a unique structural component of China's wooden architecture, composed of a square bucket and a rectangular arch and a slanting ang. In the structure of the pick out load-bearing, and the roof of the large area of the load transfer to the column. Bucket is bucket-shaped wooden pads, the arch is bow-shaped short wood. Arch frame in the bucket, pick outward, the arch end of the top of the bucket, so that layer by layer vertical and horizontal superposition, forming the upper large and lower small bracket.

Structures include: bucket: cubic block is open from the mouth, located between the lower angular warping. Rise: cubic blocks on the opening of the transverse mouth, located in the arch head. Ang: oblique out of the beam truss. arch: curved wood such as a bow, parallel to the square. Arch: curved wood like a bow, perpendicular to the square, similar to the arch. Sitting bucket: bucket of special types, all save the arch of the bottom of the seat of the bracket.

The role of the arch: ① increase the role of support. ② increase the extrusion surface (original role). ② increase the extrusion surface (original role). ③ support jump purlin. The above two points are the most basic function of the arch. ④ rain, the early use of rammed earth walls, afraid of rain, but the length of the eaves is limited, had to put a purlin, to increase its length. ⑤ anti-seismic, purely by mortise and tenon (sound loss sun) mortise structure, in the external force is not too rigid, when the external force is large is movable, offsetting the energy generated by the earthquake. ⑥ decorative role. (7) rank sign, the Ming and Qing dynasties, the role of the structure has gradually disappeared, into a purely decorative, the sign of rank. (8) the role of modulus. Arch is generally used in high-level official buildings, roughly divided into the eaves arch and the eaves of the two categories. From the specific parts are divided into column head arch, column arch, corner arch.

1 bucket mouth: sitting on the front of the groove of the bucket, in the Qing Dynasty as a measure of architectural scale standards.

Dou ear: bucket mouth on both sides of the raised part

Dou waist: the vertical part of the bucket mouth

Dou bottom: bucket under the tilt of the part

Flat plate bucket: there is no bucket ear, often used in the corner of the arch arch arch: is placed in the hopper or jumping head of the arch of the short horizontal wood the name of the arch according to the part of the different. The same and different. Where the arch to the inside and outside out of the jump, the Qing-style arch called warping (Hua arch or volume head)

.1 Gua arch (Song said melon arch): the first layer of the arch on the head of the jump

.2 Wan arch (slow arch): the second layer of the arch on the head of the jump

.3 compartment arch (gold arch): the most outside the jump in the eave purlin under the most internal jump in the smallpox square

.3 The arch (gold arch): the most outside the jump in the eaves purlins below the square

.3 The arch (mud road arch): the most inside the jump in the smallpox square

. The center of the melon arch (mud arch) out of the bucket around the first layer of the arch. The center Wan arch: (slow arch) out of the bucket around the second layer of arch.

. Single arch: sitting in the mouth of the bucket or jumping head only a layer of arch, the second layer is called heavy arch.

. The arch: the arch is placed on the head of the arch

. Stealing the heart of the arch: not placed on the head of the arch arch arch

Main components: Ang: arch in the diagonal components, play a role in leverage. By the upper and lower Ang of the points. The following Ang is used for more, on the Ang is used for indoor, flat sitting arch or arch in the jump above.

Doukou system: take the size of the opening of the flat body of the big bucket for a doukou, equivalent to the material of the nine points, doukou divided into eleven, the largest doukou with six inches, each level difference of half an inch, eleven doukou is one inch, such as the column diameter of six doukou, column height of sixty doukou. Bucket system is a unidirectional modulus, such as eleven, the calculation is simplified.

.4, single slot: the inner column will be divided into two areas of unequal size. (Shanxi jinshi temple of the mother of Goddess of Mercy)

5, east-west hall system: the center of the great dynasty, flanked by standing dynasty. Han Dynasty opened the first east-west hall system, Jin, North and South Dynasties (Northern Zhou out) are traveling east-west hall system. Sui and after the line of three vertical columns of the weekly system.

6, all columns: Qin and Han Palace sites and cliff tombs, some of the plane in the center of only one column.

7, inverted seat room: for the outer living room and account room, concierge; main hall for the inner living room.

Additionally, inverted seat has another meaning, if the location of the house (especially the direction), or with the main house compared to speak, the main house is the seat of the north towards the south, if the opposite way, it is the "inverted seat room", that is, the seat of the south towards the north. In northern folklore, the upside-down house is a sign of bad luck.

E.1, Fang Fang (appendix): the upper end of the columns and load-bearing components. Sometimes two superimposed, the top of the clear is called a large square, the following is called a small square (Song said by the forehead). Between the two with a pad (Song by the amount of padding), used in the internal columns called the amount, located at the foot of the column called high-weight medical devices.

The creation and development of high-ranking medical arch has a very long history. Early images of the arch can be seen in the architectural patterns on the cai-sang hunting pots from the Warring States period more than 2,000 years ago, as well as on the tomb queues and wall paintings preserved from the Han dynasty. The most decorative features of classical Chinese architecture were often seized by the emperor for himself, and the arch was developed and matured in the Tang Dynasty, and then stipulated that the private sector should not be used.

The structure of the arch

The arch, a unique component of ancient Chinese architecture, is composed of square buckets, rises, arches, warps, and angels. The arch is a unique form in ancient Chinese architecture, and is the transition between the columns and the roof of a larger building. Its function is to bear the weight of the eaves, either directly to the columns or indirectly to the square beams before transferring them to the columns. Generally, only very important or monumental buildings are equipped with arches. Among the many temples in Singma. Doo from the appearance. The shaking arch when it is in place creates a sense of mystery and inexplicable high fidelity and wonder. Aesthetically and structurally it also possesses a unique style. Whether from an artistic or technical point of view, the arch is sufficient to symbolize and represent the spirit and temperament of classical Chinese architecture. The protruding part in the center of the arch is still called the main head. The center of the arch is still called the main head, which is carved with a blue dragon head in a standing double style. On both sides of the mat arch plate carved half three-dimensional flame beads a grain, symbolizing good luck.

Use of arch

The arch is used on the top of columns, frontal square and eaves or between frames, and it has a very long history of creation and development. From more than two thousand years ago, the Warring States period on the Cai Sang hunting pots on the architectural pattern pattern, as well as the Han Dynasty preserved tomb queues, murals, can be seen on the early arch of the image. Song "construction method style" is called store work, Qing Ministry of Public Works "engineering practices" called bucket section, commonly known as the arch. Bucket is a bucket-shaped wooden cushion block, the arch is a bow-shaped short wood. The arch is set up on the bucket, picking outward, and the arch end of the bucket, so that layer by layer, vertical and horizontal superposition, forming the upper large and lower small bracket. The arch was initially placed in isolation on the column or pick the outer end of the beam, respectively, to transfer the load of the beam in the column and support the weight of the eaves to increase the depth of the role of the eaves. In the Tang and Song dynasties, it was combined with the beams and square beams as a whole, and in addition to the above functions, it also became part of the structural layer to maintain the integrity of the wooden frame. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the structural role of the arch metamorphosis, became in the column network and the roof frame between the main decorative components

Types of arch

Arch of many kinds of arch, complex shape. According to the use of parts, it can be divided into the inner eaves arch, outer eaves arch, flat seat arch. In the outer eaves arch, it can be divided into column head section arch (used in the position of the column head arch), corner section arch (used in the corner of the temple arch) and flat body section head arch.

The role of the arch

The arch plays a very important role in ancient Chinese architecture, mainly in three aspects:

One, it is located between the columns and beams, from the roof and the upper frame down the load to be passed through the arch to the columns, and then by the columns to the foundation, therefore, it plays a role in carrying the next, the role of the transfer of loads.

Secondly, it can pick out the outermost trusses for a certain distance, which makes the eaves of the building more far-reaching and the shape more beautiful and spectacular.

After it was molded for a long time, was used as the basic scale of the size of the components ("modulus" system)

Later the arch gradually became decorative (later the use of brick walls, the eaves become much closer to the role of the reduction), but also to differentiate between the building grade signs. The more noble building arch the more complex, complex.

Three, it is well constructed, beautiful shape, such as bonsai, like orchids, but also very good decorative components.