What are the unique handicrafts in Beijing? Please 3Q

Beijing Carved Lacquer Beijing carved lacquer is different from general lacquerware. Lacquerware is different from general lacquerware. Generally speaking, the main expression of lacquerware is to put lacquer on the lacquer tires or carve flowers on the lacquerware and then apply a layer of lacquer, or inlaid or painted with lacquer colors on the patterns and designs, etc., and the varieties of the products are mainly for indoor furniture. Beijing carved lacquer is not so, it is famous for carving. In the lacquer tire coated with dozens of layers to hundreds of layers of lacquer, 15 to 25 mm thick, and then carve with a knife, so it is called "carved lacquer". In the history books, carved lacquer can also be called "tick red", which is the customary name, because in ancient times, carved lacquer products, mainly in red and green colors. Carved lacquer craft, like other traditional arts, has its own development and style evolution process. Historical records show that Beijing carved lacquer began in the Tang Dynasty, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. According to one of the only existing historical lacquer books in China, the famous lacquer craftsman of the Ming Dynasty, Mr. Huang Cheng, and Mr. Yang Ming as the annotator of "Painting and Decorating Record", it is recorded that there was a production of "red picking" in the Tang Dynasty of China, and the knife method was quick and sharp, and the antiquity and simplicity could be appreciated. At that time, "red" was the main variety. In addition, there are picking black, picking yellow, picking green, etc., all belong to the category of carved lacquer, just painted colors and performance methods are different. Song and Yuan carved lacquer craft, in the Tang Dynasty on the basis of a great development, gradually formed the knife method to hide the sharpness of not exposed, grinding smooth style. Carved lacquer in the Song Dynasty is rare and not easy to see. Yuan dynasty famous lacquer Zhang Cheng, Yang Mao two family works, our existing collection. Their works are representatives of the Yuan Dynasty lacquer style, and have a very profound influence on the art of lacquer carving in future generations. Song and Yuan carved lacquer is generally tin tire and gold and silver tire, varieties of boxes mainly. The knife method is dexterous and smooth, and the flower patterns are mostly "dead flowers" (i.e., flowers not carved with brocade patterns), which are rich in decorative interest and give people the impression of being thick and simple. To the Ming Dynasty, carved lacquer craft development is very fast, is China's carved lacquer art mature period, and to the Ming Yongle, Xuande two generations for the most flourishing. At that time, the famous lacquer carvers were passed down from generation to generation, such as Zhang Degang, the son of Zhang Cheng, and Yang Ocarina, the descendant of Yang Mao, who all became highly skilled master craftsmen. Ming Dynasty rulers for pleasure, in the Ming Yongle years in Beijing with orchard factory, was then the court manufacturing lacquer crafts of large government-run handicrafts workshop, produced crafts for the use of the court, the production of a large number of skills production in the inheritance of the Song, the Yuan style on the basis of a new improvement. Carved lacquer products at that time, still more red, red and purple, stable and calm. Varieties are also more boxes, plates, boxes, followed; more small pieces, fewer large pieces. Tire system is based on wood tires, tin tires, but also gold and silver tires. In terms of design, landscape figures, flowers, birds and animals more subjects, which is very different from the Yuan Dynasty flowers, brocade ground practice, the knife is smooth, hide the sharpness of the clear, more than the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the knife changes to be more, carving fine, vivid performance image. Excellent works of this period in the Forbidden City in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing Museum have treasures. The orchard factory established in the Ming Dynasty concentrated lacquer carving artists from all over the country, laying the foundation for the development of lacquer carving in Beijing, and from then on, Beijing lacquer carving flourished as a kind of lacquerware with local characteristics. According to the evidence, in addition to the government-organized lacquer production of the Orchard Factory at that time, the lacquer production industry of the private sector has also been developed, and some of them have been sold and circulated as general commodities in the private sector. Carved lacquer crafts in the Qing Dynasty, most of which were made during the Qianlong and Jiaqing years. In the Qianlong period, because the emperor himself loved the carved lacquer products, therefore, vigorously promote the production of the palace used a variety of carved lacquer, so that the carved lacquer production in the Qianlong period appeared unprecedented prosperity. Carved lacquer products, rich varieties, large screens, tables and chairs, small plates, small boxes, vases, small cans have. Wooden tires, tin tires mainly, there are also used in the tire, exquisite shape, rich in change, color also increased, and there are also combined with jade inlays into the product. In terms of patterns, in addition to birds and flowers, figures, began to have a variety of auspicious patterns. In the composition of dense multi-layered, to more long, and different from the Ming Dynasty does not pay attention to the millwork, but, with rigorous, exquisite, gorgeous features; to the floral theme is more, there are through the branches over the stem, natural and flexible, distinctive levels, strong sense of three-dimensionality and other characteristics. However, the prosperity of Beijing carving lacquer, in the Qianlong after the gradual decline, to the twenty-second year of Guangxu (1896) has been no official workshop, skills almost lost. After the need to repair lacquer crafts in the Qing Palace, Beijing's folk lacquer carving and rise. At that time there are paint color painting artists Xiao Xingda, Li Maolong, etc., they need to be repaired from the Qing dynasty palace on the broken carved lacquer products to be inspired, and cooperation to create a carved lacquer workshop in the Qing dynasty Guangxu twenty-seventh year (1901) in the second half of the year, in Beijing shearer alley opened, named "Jiguzhai carving lacquer Chamber of Commerce." Jiguzhai" means to continue the interrupted ancient lacquer carving business. They do their own research production and imitation of the Qing dynasty carved lacquer, and recruit apprentices, after a few years of hard work, the style of the Qing dynasty carved lacquer inherited, and has improved some of its skills over the Qianlong period, and has obvious Beijing local color. The knives are clear and angular, and the subjects are mostly flowers, birds, dragons and phoenixes, figures in landscape and auspicious motifs. The big screen made by Xiao Xingda, Xiao Lean, Li Maolong and others, which was "Blessing of Life by the Immortals", won the first prize at the Panama International Exposition held in San Francisco, USA in 1914, and was praised by international friends. From then on, Beijing carved lacquer became famous both at home and abroad, and once again there was a prosperous situation. For the recovery of Beijing lacquer, "Jiguzhai" in the late Qing Dynasty occupied a certain position in the history of lacquer and played an important role in the development of modern Beijing lacquer techniques. During the Republic of China period, Beijing carved lacquer began to have a relatively large development. 1920 ~ 1934, carved lacquer workshop development to dozens of, mostly located in Chongwenmen, Qianmen and Chaoyangmen area. There were more than 500 practitioners. The products were famous for their generous shapes, regular tires, bright lacquer colors, fine carvings, and various patterns. At that time, the representative of the larger workshop is still "Jiguzhai". The development of "Jiguzhai" began with the recruitment of the first batch of apprentices, followed by the second and third batch of apprentices. The first batch of apprentices is "Yong" generation, the second batch is "Bao" generation, the third batch is "Zeng" generation. Because of the "Jiguzhai" business is booming, and then developed a number of other names, such as "Tak-shing carved lacquer bureau", "in and carved lacquer bureau", etc., a moment engaged in carving lacquer workshop even more than fifty or sixty, Tak-shing carved lacquer bureau "specializing in the production of imitation of the Ming Dynasty products, so that the lacquer carving process is more enriched up. From the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, as well as the early liberation of lacquer carving famous artists, most of them are "Jiguzhai" lacquer carving workshop to learn out." Jiguzhai" began as an industrial and commercial economy, and later developed to specialize in production, relying on domestic firms to sell to foreigners. These firms are "Renli foreign firms", "Dexing firms", "Hua Zhen foreign firms" and specializing in antiques "Castle Peak Residence" and so on. As a result of the separation of industry and commerce, a moment to promote the development of carved lacquer production. However, with the development of production, personnel also continued to divide, from the big old workshop divided into small new workshop, there are artists feel more appropriate to do it alone, became dedicated to the business or workshop to do "package work" of independent workers. Therefore, "Jiguzhai" although once developed quickly, but never formed a large-scale factories, the most prosperous time is only about 50 people. In other workshops, there were ten or so people, or three or five. In April 1951, the Beijing Carved Lacquer Production Cooperative was formed by 44 carved lacquer handicraft laborers. As a result of the change of production relations, the productivity was promoted to develop by leaps and bounds. With the continuous expansion of China's foreign trade, the number of carved lacquer handicrafts exported also increased gradually. 1958 Beijing Carved Lacquer Production Cooperative was formally transformed into Beijing Carved Lacquer Factory, and the number of employees developed from more than 40 to 512. In order to meet the needs of the market constantly, in recent years, the carved lacquer products have been gradually innovated, gradually making the arts and crafts for daily use and daily necessities arts and crafts. The designers have actively created practical carved lacquer products, which are welcomed by foreign merchants and have expanded the sales channels for the export of carved lacquer handicrafts. Like carved lacquer "Go box", the appearance of elegant and solemn, strict pattern, fine carving, maintaining the traditional characteristics of Beijing carved lacquer, and due to the use of stripped and special lacquer for the inside, both elastic, but also no sound, easy to throw the chess pieces, very popular in the chess world, a large number of products are sold to Japan. Another example is the carved elephant embroidered pier, which looks like a quiet little elephant with solemn image and gentle disposition, as if it is always waiting for people to ride on it. This is a craft and practical products combined products, it can be placed in front of the door to sit, can also be displayed in the room to watch. It has two kinds of wood, off the tire, the eyes and tusks of the baby elephant, are quoted inlay technology. This product is quite popular in the commercial sector, the 1980 trial production of 20 all sold out, in 1981 and accept orders for 1,000. Carved lacquer "wall painting", is also an innovative development of carved lacquer craft after liberation, it is designed and produced for the decoration of interior walls of high-level buildings and new products. In the production of wood tires, like a screen, after the completion of the carving, set into the wall, at first glance, looks like the original building itself a natural decorative part of the so-called carved lacquer wall. Its pattern selection can vary according to user requirements, landscape, flowers and birds, bonsai, can also design the traditional Chinese historical story pattern. This is a welcome step for the art of lacquer carving to serve as a supporting service for modernized buildings. In addition, carved lacquer products in recent years has produced a large number of practical products for the country to expand exports, increased foreign exchange income. It can be seen that only by developing more and more to the practical and comprehensive craft, the carved lacquer craft can show richer content and broader prospects. Beijing carving lacquer in the carving technology also has a new development. In the past, the carvings were generally flat, but now there are relief carvings, openwork carvings and three-dimensional round carvings. The color of lacquer is also much richer than in the past; Carved lacquer flower basket plate" is a new product made with the combination of relief carving, openwork carving, and vertical carving techniques, which not only further expresses the lacquer carving techniques, but also expands the new content. It is a simulation of the image of the bamboo basket carved in relief, the basket of flowers are moon, peony, osmanthus, plum blossoms, etc., petals, buds, leaves, branches intertwined with each other, the posture of thousands of colors, is through the standing carving, openwork and into, a closer look, the entire basket breakthrough picture, there is a good sense of three-dimensionality, like a cluster of flowers in full bloom. This work is a representative work of the further improvement of lacquer carving technique, which has been highly evaluated by the arts and crafts sector, exhibited at home and abroad for many times, and rated as an excellent work in the National Arts and Crafts Exhibition. Another example is the "Carved Lacquer Ball", which can be said to be the embodiment of the new craftsmanship and new shapes of Beijing carved lacquer. It is a multi-layer lacquer ball carved with various lacquer colors, with exquisite designs and patterns on each layer, and each layer of the ball can be rotated flexibly. Carved lacquer products have a long production cycle, most of the products from the design to the factory to half a year, high-grade products need two or three years. This is due to the carving before, need to mix the lacquer repeatedly coated in layers on the tire type, to be half-dry lacquer (from liquid to solid), before the knife can be used to carve out a variety of patterns, patterns, and lined with a variety of fine brocade, so that the lacquer layer has a relief effect. Due to the different lacquer colors and techniques used, there are pick red, pick yellow, pick black, pick color, pick rhinoceros said. Two or three colors of lacquer are alternately painted on the tire with a certain thickness, and then patterns such as cloud heads or back patterns are carved at a certain angle, and different layers of lacquer can be seen on the section of the knife called picking rhinoceros. At present, Beijing lacquer carving is mainly red and black picking, and other colors such as black flower on red background, red flower on black background, red flower on yellow background, red flower on green background, and yellow, green and red picking are also common. Carved lacquer product production process and production techniques are: 1. design according to customer needs or designers to create. Specific design is divided into two kinds: one is the shape of the design, such as bottles, jars, boxes, plates, etc., and now the development of practical products, such as furniture, three-dimensional beasts and so on. The second is the pattern design, according to the characteristics of the shape, the design of landscape figures, birds and flowers, dragons and phoenixes and other appearance patterns. 2. Tire making According to the shape of the design made of tire type, known as tire making. Before the liberation, Beijing lacquer carving inherited the traditional craftsmanship of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and generally used wooden tires, tin tires and stripped tires. After the liberation, most of the lacquer carvings in Beijing are made of copper, with enamel glaze on the inside. Furniture and three-dimensional beasts with wood or off the tire, and with black annealed lacquer for the inside. This is not only beautiful, but also to prevent the tire type of moisture and deterioration. 3. light lacquer in a good tire type repeatedly coated with lacquer, known as light lacquer. The first layer of lacquer coated with shade drying, and then coated with the second layer, and so on, to achieve the required thickness of the process until. General products coated with several layers of paint, about 6 millimeters thick. 4. Painting will be designed patterns and patterns painted in the light paint on the tire type, known as painting. Painter's main tool is a brush, painting requires smooth lines, clear patterns, and strive to meet the original design. Larger quantities of products using photocopy of the method of plate making, but also need to make up the painting. 5. carving pattern pattern can be drawn in accordance with the drawn pattern for carving. Carving is an important part of the production of carved lacquer products, carved lacquer products through the art of carving technology is reflected. The main tool of carving is a variety of different sizes and shapes of the carving knife, the basic knife carving is very complex, it is not like the painter's pen that "dragon fly, phoenix dance", splash of ink and color, waving the brush freely. Carving must be: clear layers, knife sharp, the bottom should be flat, the line should be regular, even pattern, meticulous. 6. drying, polishing the carved vessels into the drying room to dry, so that it is solid. Polishing requirements for color and gloss, hide the knife does not show. After polishing, a complete lacquer craft is completed. There are thousands of varieties of carved lacquer, mainly including bottles, jars, boxes, plates, smoking utensils, tea utensils, wine utensils, furniture, lamps, stationery, hanging screens, screens, screens, frescoes, stoves, tripods, smokers, pots, as well as three-dimensional birds, beasts, Buddhas, ladies, and modern people, as well as small pieces of jewelry, beads, etc. The style of carved lacquer in Beijing is as follows: carved lacquer is the same as carved lacquer, but it is the same as carved lacquer. The style of Beijing lacquer carving is: delicate carving, chic modeling, elegant and generous, colorful varieties, rich in change. It has a unique effect in the expression of character image, indoor and outdoor scenery level depth. Cloisonné One of China's special handicrafts, made of copper, copper wire pinched into a variety of patterns welded to the copper tire, filled with enamel glaze, and then fired. Jingtai years of the Ming Dynasty in Beijing began to manufacture a large number of enamel glaze with blue, so called cloisonné. Cloisonné as a kind of art crafts, its method of production that the surface of the copper with various colors of enamel coated with patterns, patterns around the embedded copper or gold and silver wire, and then burned with a high degree of fire that is made. This process began in the Ming Dynasty Jingtai, and when it was first created only blue, so called cloisonné. Now although the colors have, but still use the previous name. Because cloisonné has become the name of a process, rather than the name of the color, it is said that jingtai for xuande's son, xuande attach importance to the copper as well as casting and metallurgical copper, jingtai in the early childhood period of immersion, know very detailed, and hobby of the very deep, just for the casting, xuande has reached the top, no ability to seek breakthroughs, in the color of a separate grove in order to try to win by surprise. Finally the creation of cloisonné. Because of the color beforehand to plan extremely painstaking, so after the success, but also extreme love, all the imperial furnishings with cloisonné blue production, the variety of more than can not be counted, where the porcelain material can be made of ware without exhaustive, into the period of inheritance of the legacy of the industry, did not change the legacy of the wind, is still working hard to burn, so cloisonné blue artifacts in the jingtai and chenghua two dynasties are the most common. After the Hongzhi, Zhengde, Jiajing, Longqing four dynasties, although still burned, but they follow the rules, false should be story, in the quality of Jingtai and Chenghua years can not be comparable. After the Wanli, although occasionally burned, not as before, set up an official factory as a routine, so very few products later. The end of the Ming Dynasty, have not been revived. To the Qing dynasty Qianlong period, and began to burn, and more categories, good results, although not and Jingtai, Chenghua period compared, but compared to the Hongzheng after the product is by no means inferior. Today, although the appearance of Kang Yong's artifacts, however, the detailed examination of exactly what is made with the Qianlong artifacts are not different, in fact, made by the Qianlong, engraved Kang Yong years, but not made by the Kang Yong. Generally speaking, the Ming dynasty cloisonné tires of copper is better, more purple copper tires, body slightly heavy, so the shape of the antique more, the main imitation of bronze used in colored glaze are natural mineral materials, color deep and realistic, red like gem red, green like turquoise green. At this time the silk pinch thicker, gilded part of the gold water thick. Most of the colored glaze with sand eyes. The paragraph has "Daming Jingtai Nianzhi" or "Jingtai Nianzhi", the bottom paragraph, the side of the paragraph are available. Qing dynasty cloisonné technology than the Ming dynasty has improved, thin tire, pinch fine, colored glaze is also more bright than the Ming dynasty, and no trachoma, complex and varied floral motifs, but not as vivid as the Ming dynasty's decorative text, gilded part of the gold water is thin, but the gold is very beautiful. The overall level of cloisonné during the Republic of China is not as good as the previous generation, the body is thin, bright colors have a sense of buoyancy, workmanship is coarse. At this time, only "God's sake", "Dexing Cheng", the production of cloisonné work fine, good quality. Modeling more imitation of ancient bronze, or imitation of the Qianlong boutique, paragraph, have been carved paragraph. Now cloisonné furnishings more, do not do the actual product. Now the cloisonné process has improved greatly, modeling variety, decorative varieties, has become our international friends and family and friends with each other the best gifts. Cloisonné is a unique combination of porcelain and copper crafts. The production of cloisonné first to use copper tire, then craftsmen in the above painting, and then copper wire in the copper tire according to the painting of the sticking out pattern pattern, and then with different colors of enamel glaze inlaid in the pattern, and finally after repeated sintering, polishing gilded and become. Cloisonné production both the use of bronze and porcelain technology, but also into the traditional hand painting and carving techniques, can be called the master of traditional Chinese crafts. Cloisonné production To produce exquisite cloisonné, through the following steps: First, the type of production (tire): the copper sheet according to the drawings required to cut out a variety of different shapes, and hammered into a variety of shapes of copper tires, and then its parts of the articulation on the good solder, after high-temperature soldering will become a vessel copper tires modeling. Second, pinch wire: with tweezers will be flattened fine copper wire pinch, break into a variety of exquisite patterns, and then dipped in water hyacinth adhering to the copper tires, and then sifted with silver soldering powder, by 900 degrees of high-temperature roasting, will be firmly welded to the copper wire pattern on the copper tires. Third, point blue: welded wire carcass by pickling, flat live, whole silk can be glazed. The so-called point blue is a small metal shovel with a variety of enamel glaze filled into the gap in the silk pattern, after 800 degrees of high-temperature melting, the powdered glaze melted into a smooth and shiny glaze. So repeated twice to three, four times on the glaze melting, in order to glaze and copper wire level, so that the vessel is covered with a gorgeous and elegant, colorful and beautiful coat. Fourth, grinding: is a coarse sandstone, yellow stone, charcoal in three times the uneven blue glaze grinding, where uneven are required to make up for the glaze melting after repeated sanding, and finally with charcoal, scraper will have no blue glaze of copper wire, bottom line, mouth line scraping and polishing. Fifth, gold-plated: will be smoothed, polished cloisonné by pickling, decontamination, sand bright, into the gold-plated liquid lees, and then pass on the current, a few minutes after the gold liquid will be firmly attached to the first in the cloisonné metal parts. And then after washing and rinsing dry processing, a colorful and eye-catching cloisonné will stand out. Gold-plated cloisonné with a carved hardwood bottom carving, more show cloisonné elegant, dignified and beautiful posture. With the continuous development of cloisonné and the needs of the market, some shaped products, practical products, tourist souvenirs, as well as high, big, fine, sharp, high-grade cloisonné mass production, new varieties, new colors, new techniques continue to emerge, in recent years the cloisonné industry appeared out of the cloisonné, silver-fetched cloisonné, painted enamel and filigree enamel cloisonné, cloisonné, the mechanism of cloisonné, imitation of the Japanese seven treasures burned silver crystal blue, and a variety of processes combined with the cloisonné. and cloisonné combining various crafts. Especially the multi-process combination of cloisonné is particularly prominent. This is a kind of cloisonné as the main body, and then with tooth carving, jade carving, wood carving, lacquer art and filigree inlay and other crafts combined, due to a variety of crafts skillfully combined, a variety of materials set each other off, coupled with the whole body and inlaid with a large number of gemstones, and more so that the works of novelty and peculiar, exquisite and transparent, the whole body exudes a pearly white color. Cloisonné identification Cloisonné to the products of the Ming dynasty for the best, where the products of the Ming dynasty, its material is translucent and non-magnetic, and the big green color, its translucent is more than other colors more powerful. Its performance and glass is slightly the same, its color like oil green jade, red like Changhua chicken blood, purple as if dark old amethyst, blue similar to the blue butt, white similar to congealed grease, light green blue, yellow and ginger wringing out of the paste slightly mixed with the same yellow rice, its silk tires are brass, gold-plated for the big plating, it is the artifacts on the eye of the sand. To the Qianlong period, no matter what color, its material is not translucent and magnetic, because the Ming dynasty translucent material, to this point is no longer seen. So its silk tire is mostly red copper, its gilding is also fire plating, made in Qianlong, yellow and white colors for the best, its yellow yellow and dry, the same as the yolk of a boiled egg, and later imitation, more green or red in yellow, and dry yellow Qianlong is not similar. Qianlong's white is also the most difficult to imitate, which has two reasons: one because of its white and East Drainage stone color has no difference, imitators must be made with six top beads, but top beads are not easy to get, one because of its white white and dry, after the material home, although also invented a dry material, but the burning is not easy to melt, compared to other materials, eat fire is particularly powerful, if not the production of skilled craftsmen, the artifacts are very easy to be injured.