Management mode of commercial banks

Commercial banks are different from central banks and investment banks. It is a profit-making bank that raises funds with various financial liabilities and operates with various financial assets. So what is the management mode of commercial banks? Let's find out!

First, the mode of operation of commercial banks

The design principle of business model of commercial banks: take the benefit as the goal and reasonably divide the business of commercial banks. The goal of commercial banking business is to generate benefits, and all business operations should be carried out around benefits. For management business, redundant links should be fully reduced. Enhance the scientific nature of management and improve management efficiency; For operating business, we should reasonably organize the operation of various businesses, minimize operating costs, and exchange the minimum cost for the maximum profit. Only by scientifically and reasonably dividing management business and operation business can we achieve the benefit goal better.

Implement perfect customer relationship management. Customer-centered is the basic business strategy of commercial banks. In the process of the transformation from planned economy to market economy, the management of enterprises has changed from focusing only on product production to focusing on market management. As a financial enterprise, the business strategy of commercial banks will gradually shift from focusing on bank account processing and independent financial business operation to customer-centered and financial market-oriented, and provide customers with consistent and comprehensive services and products through a perfect customer relationship management system. In the design of business model, we should fully embody the idea of taking customers as the center, so that the bank's business activities can face customers and the market.

Realize centralized and unified accounting. With the development of commercial banks, there are more and more kinds of financial products and services. In order to provide unified products and services to users, provide timely and consistent management information to bank managers and improve management, we must strengthen the standardization and standardization of business management. As the basic work of enterprise management, the centralization and unification of accounting has become the key. Therefore, in the business system model, centralized and unified accounting should be taken as the basis of business operation.

Strengthen analysis and forecast, realize dynamic management and guard against business risks. In today's social and economic life with highly developed commodity economy, due to the increasingly complex economic activities and fierce competition, any enterprise will inevitably suffer various risks in its business activities. The operation of commercial banks is based on customers' deposits and other loans, and its most notable feature is debt operation. This special mode of operation makes banks take risks all the time in their business activities, which determines that risk management plays a very important and prominent role in the operation and management of China Construction Bank. So as to prevent risks. It is necessary to strengthen the dynamic management and tracking feedback control of the whole process of information, and develop from static post-event management to dynamic prediction and management.

Business structure of commercial banks. Under the condition of market economy, the main goal of commercial banks' operation is to generate benefits, and banks should carry out various business activities around this goal; In order to achieve the expected objectives of various business activities, it is necessary to reasonably organize and effectively manage resources such as funds, personnel, technical equipment, etc. in the course of business operations, so as to achieve the optimal combination of business elements. Therefore, in terms of business structure, it is necessary to separate business operations from management operations according to the characteristics of various business activities of banks. Operating business refers to all kinds of banking business and services provided by banks to customers, which directly faces customers and is the front desk of banking business, emphasizing the standardization and service of business; Managerial business refers to the business that makes decisions, controls, manages and guarantees operational business. It focuses on decision-making management, is the background of banking business, and emphasizes the scientificity and guidance of business. In addition, from the perspective of information processing, the timeliness and complexity of operation business and management business are also different. Operational business requires high real-time performance, but the calculation and analysis of data are relatively simple. The real-time requirement of management service is not high, but the calculation and analysis of data are complicated.

Second, the evaluation of the management efficiency of commercial banks

Profitability level analysis. Profitability, that is, profitability, is the ability of banks to earn profits. Both investors and creditors believe that profitability is very important, because a sound financial situation must be supported by high profitability, so bank managers also attach great importance to profitability. The financial ratios to measure the profitability of banks are: return on assets, return on capital, bank profit rate, profitability analysis of listed banks, etc.

Risk analysis. Pursuing profit and maximizing the value of bank wealth is the ultimate goal of bank management, but profit is always accompanied by risk, and assets with large profits are also risky. Because the most basic principle of commercial banks' operation is safety, commercial banks strive to minimize operational risks while pursuing profits. There are four indicators to evaluate the asset risk of commercial banks, namely liquidity risk ratio, interest rate risk ratio, credit risk ratio and capital risk ratio.

Liquidity analysis. The solvency of a bank refers to its ability to pay or pay. The purpose of analyzing the solvency of commercial banks is to examine their credit status. There are generally three assessment indicators: cash asset ratio, current ratio, and the ratio of expected capital inflow to expected capital outflow. Among them, the bank's current assets refer to assets that can be realized or used in one or more accounting years, including cash assets, short-term loans, short-term securities and short-term borrowing funds of banks. Current liabilities of banks refer to debts that need to be repaid within one year or more than one accounting year, including short-term deposits, short-term borrowed funds, notes payable, wages payable, taxes payable, etc.

Analysis of financial strength. It is very important to analyze the financial strength of a commercial bank, because it not only shows the development potential of the commercial bank, but also shows its credibility. There are generally two assessment indicators: the self-sufficiency rate of funds and the proportion of self-owned capital. Bank's own capital is the capital invested by bank shareholders to obtain profits and part of the profits retained in the bank, which represents shareholders' ownership of the bank. The bank's own capital plays an important role in the operation of the bank, which is the prerequisite for the existence of the bank.

Three. Analysis and Design of Bank's Assets and Liabilities Structure

Liquidity management of assets and liabilities. The so-called liquidity simply refers to the ability of banks to meet customers' withdrawals and meet necessary loans at any time. The concept of liquidity includes two meanings, one is the liquidity of assets, and the other is the liquidity of liabilities. The liquidity of assets refers to the ability of banks to realize assets quickly without loss, and the liquidity of liabilities refers to the ability of banks to obtain needed funds at any time at a lower cost.

The necessity of maintaining liquidity mainly stems from the nature of the source of bank funds and the characteristics of bank operation. Most of the bank's funds come from customers' deposits and loans. The premise of deposit is that it can be withdrawn on time and paid by cheque at any time, and the borrowed money should be returned on time or paid at any time. Therefore, the use of funds must be consistent with liquidity. The most liquid bank assets are cash assets, including cash on hand, central bank deposits, interbank deposits and uncollected accounts.

Safety management of assets and liabilities. Liquidity risk, the flow of assets is the owner's ability to convert assets into cash with minimum price loss. The liquidity of liabilities refers to the ability of banks to obtain the required funds at the lowest cost. The interest rate in the capital market is constantly changing, so it is necessary to analyze and study it. The traditional analysis method is to compare the sensitivity of interest income to the change of return on assets and the sensitivity of interest expenditure to the change of interest cost of liabilities, so as to determine the change range of net interest income when the market interest rate changes. Another method is comprehensive asset structure analysis, which compares the duration of assets with the duration of liabilities, so as to evaluate the impact of interest rate changes on net interest income and the value of shareholders' equity.

Credit risk refers to the potential changes in the bank's net income and equity market value due to the debtor's inability to repay or delay repayment of principal and interest. When a bank increases any kind of profitable assets, it must bear the risk that the borrower cannot repay the principal and interest on time. Different assets have different default risks, among which the default risk of loans is the biggest. According to experience, the credit degree of enterprises and individuals is low, and their solvency depends on the operating conditions of enterprises and personal net income. Therefore, banks should analyze the credit of each loan and consider the borrower's repayment ability. Relatively speaking, the bank's securities investment is generally characterized by low credit risk, because the borrowers are mainly governments and government agencies, and their credit is high.

Capital and debt risk, capital risk refers to the possibility that a bank will lose its solvency. The net economic value of a company is the difference between the market value of assets and liabilities. Therefore, capital risk is the potential decrease in the value of bank assets before the net economic value is zero. If the risks taken by banks are too high, it may be difficult to pay off debts or even close down. High credit risk means a lot of bad debt losses, while high interest rate risk reflects the mismatch between the term and duration of assets and liabilities. Banks with high operational risk should have more capital than banks with low operational risk. Due to the increase of borrowing costs and the loss of deposits, liquidity problems will occur.

Fourthly, use DEA model to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of bank management.

Manpower and comprehensive expenses are the basic inputs for bank operation. Therefore, we first take manpower and comprehensive cost as input variables of DEA model to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of bank operation and management. Secondly, bank assets are the driving force for banks to create profits, and the quality of bank assets is the risk that banks bear. Simply put, banks should make high profits if they take high risks. Otherwise, it is futile for banks to take high risks. Considering these two factors, we believe that bank assets and asset quality are also the input of bank operation. Specifically, in this model, the asset risk degree is used to represent the quality of bank assets. The output of bank operation is the actual profit first, so the DEA model of comprehensive benefit of parity bank operation and management takes the actual profit as the output variable first; Secondly, considering the development of commercial banks, we take the share of deposits in the reporting period, the average deposits in the reporting period and the amount of international business settlement as the output variables of the model. In this way, the output variables of DEA model for evaluating the comprehensive benefits of bank management are: y, actual income, deposit share during the reporting period, y, average deposit during the reporting period, and international business settlement; Input variables: x, number of people, x, number of assets, x, comprehensive risk degree of income, x4, comprehensive cost.

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