Seeking information on portioning utensils

The history of meal sharing system can be said to be long, it can be traced back to the ancient times. In the primitive clan society, the poor material resources decided that people must abide by a *** with the principle, that is, the acquisition of property *** with the possession of an average distribution, from the aspect of the way of eating alone, the food acquired by the people, the average distribution of the food can be eaten. This is our most primitive meal system. In recent years, archaeologists from the Yinxu unearthed a large number of ceramic ceramic fragments found that the capacity of the ceramic iron is only enough for one person a meal, it is used to cook porridge vessels. Therefore, it can be assumed that the people at that time to eat is a person a li meal system. This can also be seen from the shape of the text. Such as "that" oracle bone writing " ", like a person in the eating utensils (li) before the shape of the meal; and "both" oracle bone writing " ", like a person in the eating utensils (li) before the shape of the meal; and "both" oracle bone writing " ", like a person in the eating utensils (li) before the shape of the meal. ", like a person in front of the food vessel (li) finished eating, the back to leave the shape. These are graphically illustrated in our country in the original ancient times meal system has been in a budding stage, it is more later meal system provides a strong basis for the development of the Zhou Qin era, people have been accustomed to sitting on the ground, a little more sophisticated spread on the feast "Zhou Li - Division several feast" Zheng Xuan note said: "spreading is said to be a feast, and the is said to be a seat". "Poetry" said: "wanton feast set seat", it can be seen, feast and seat is synonymous. The difference between them "feast long seat short, feast big seat small, feast store underground, put on the mat", over time, "feast" two words will be synthesized into a word. Generally is the son of five seats, two seats of the great masters. Aristocrats also pay attention to the "tripod" and food, the number of tripod indicates the status of the host and guest, the specifications of the feast and the abundance of food. According to the provisions of the "Rites", "Nine tripods for the Son of Heaven, seven tripods for all the feudal lords, five tripods for the great masters, and three tripods for the first scholar ("Spring and Autumn Annals of the Duke of Huan")." Eating is also divided into seats row down, knee-high small table, one person, one person a meal, one person a wine. Of course, the Zhou Li and Gongyang Zhuan generally recorded the dietary system of the nobles, but did not mention the dietary system of the commoners. It is in the custom of "the ritual of drinking wine in the township" that the dietary system of the commoners is really mentioned. The "ritual of drinking wine in the countryside" belonged to the dietary rituals of the lower class of the nobility. There are a lot of scenes describing the sharing of meals in "Rites of Passage: The Ritual of Drinking Wine in the Countryside" and "Records of the Rites: The Ritual of Drinking Wine in the Countryside". Confucius said in the Analects of Confucius: "If the seat is not correct, one does not sit. When the king gives food, he must taste it first." This shows that people at that time still attached great importance to the food system. During the Han Dynasty, this way of sharing meals became clearer, with the emperor sitting on the front steps, the empress sitting on one side, and the ministers sitting on both sides, all at one table. Archaeological excavations of the Han dynasty murals, the Han tomb of the portrait bricks also provide clear evidence: people sat on the ground at that time, one person a case. It is also recorded in the literature that people at that time were sitting with their knees on the ground, and even if there were only two people, they ate in separate cases. We are familiar with the "Hongmen Banquet", is not exactly this scene? The "Hongmen Banquet" depicted in "The Records of the Grand Historian Xiang Yu", although full of swords and shadows, also reveals that it was indeed a meal sharing system. At the banquet, Xiang Wang and Xiang Bo sat toward the east, Fan Zeng sat toward the south, Pei Gong sat toward the north, and Zhang Liang served toward the west, and these five people had one case each. The shiji - tian shu li biography " Mr. Chu added: "(ping yang) the master of the house to make two people riding slaves with the seat and food, this two son of the knife column broken seat and sit." In the Historical Records of the Grand Historian, Meng Chang Qun wrote, "Meng Chang Jun once served a guest at night, and one of the guests was hiding the firelight. The guest was furious and quit the meal because the food was not equal to the one he was serving, so Lord Meng Chang got up and held his own food to compare with him. The guest was ashamed and cut his throat." From this, we can clearly realize that, if the prevailing form of meal sharing was not in place, but rather, all the people at the same table together, there would not have been the tragedy of the guests committing suicide because they thought that "the rice was not equal". Qin, Han and Sui and Tang dynasties, the tables and chairs of the ethnic minorities of the Northwest have entered the Central Plains, then known as the "Hu bed", "Hu sit". Table legs, chair legs have become higher, larger, so that sitting around the dining has a material basis, set up by the mat for the case, set up their own, eaters are also open on the table, banquets, each person a table and a stool for a seat, the honored one on top, known as the chief. However, if the case, a few completed the split meal system to the mission of the transformation of the meal system, there are still places to be debated. Such as the Southern Tang Dynasty painter Gu Hongzhong's heirloom masterpiece Han Xizai Night Banquet painted Han Xizai and a few other noble disciples, sitting on the bed and backrest chairs to listen to the pipa playing a scene. In front of the listener there is a high table, which is not very big, and in front of each person there is a set of cutlery and a set of dishes, which are not mixed with each other, and the boundaries are clear. This shows that the tradition of sharing meals has not been completely lost. As a matter of fact, the tradition of sharing a meal could not be established easily, and on some occasions, even though a meal was served around a table, it was often shared in substance, with people sitting around a table, but each person had a set of tableware and a dish to share. Some communal dishes had to be put on their own plates with communal cutlery before they could be enjoyed. During the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong traveled to Jiangnan several times and had numerous banquets along the way. According to historical records, at that time, in addition to the emperor due to its special status, and a table alone, other entourage are around the table to eat. Objectively, this also promotes the integration of food culture in the north and south, the Manchu-Han Chinese banquet also appeared in this period, these are marked by the development of food culture, a new tradition of sharing meals to this day will gradually take shape. Nowadays, nutritionists are actively advocating the reform of the current diet from a hygienic point of view. More than ten years ago, during the "Hepatitis A" pandemic in Shanghai, experts proposed a reform of the shared meal, arguing that shared meals are bad for people's health. Because people's saliva through the chopsticks into the plate, and then by the chopsticks and then ingested into the body, so the interactive cycle, for the epidemic of some diseases to provide an opportunity to take advantage of! The impact of this "SARS" epidemic, but also for us to deepen the reform of the way of eating, and further universal implementation of good eating habits, such as meal portioning, provides an excellent opportunity. Recently, the China Cuisine Association organized experts to develop and publish the catering industry meal system business service norms, for the first time put forward the definition of the catering industry meal system, the formation and norms required. This specification is put forward, the universal implementation of meal sharing system in China, to promote the change of customs and the scientific and civilized way of dining, especially to prevent the spread of infections, to ensure the health of consumers and dining safety