Roofs of ancient Chinese buildings

1, hipped roof: the roof has four slopes and five ridges. The front and rear slopes intersect to form a horizontal ridge, and the left and right slopes intersect with the front and rear slopes to form four ridges extending diagonally from the ends of the ridge to the four roof corners. The eaves are slightly upward, and the four slopes are slightly concave. Also known as the four A top. Before the Tang Dynasty, the ridge is short, the four slopes are deep, after the Ming Dynasty, the ridge is longer.

Hipped roof, that is, hipped roof, the Song Dynasty, called "hipped" or "four A roof", the Qing Dynasty, called "hipped" or "five ridge temple "Hipped roof is a roof style of ancient Chinese architecture, which is the highest grade among the roof styles, higher than the Heshan style, and can only be used by the Royal Family and the Confucius Hall. The hipped roof is "four out of the water" five ridges and four slopes, by a ridge and four ridges (I said bump ridge) *** five ridges, so also known as the five ridge hall. Because the roof has four slopes, it is also known as the four A roof.

The hipped roof is divided into two types of single eaves and heavy eaves, the so-called heavy eaves, that is, under the roof, the corners of the four corners plus a short eave, forming the second eaves. The Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City is a heavy-eaved hipped roof, while the Hall of Yinghua in the Forbidden City is a single-eaved hipped roof.

History Hipped roofs appeared very early, even before the hipped roof. Hipped roofs can be found in the oracle bones of the Yin and Shang dynasties, the bronzes of the Zhou dynasty, the portrait stones and Ming ware of the Han dynasty, and the grottoes of the Northern dynasty. The Que Lou of the Han Dynasty and the Great Hall of the Buddha's Light Temple of the Tang Dynasty are the earliest hipped-roof buildings in existence. Later, hipped roofs became the highest grade of roof form in ancient Chinese architecture. During the Qing Dynasty, hipped roofs could only be used for royal and Confucius' palaces, of which the heavy-eaved hipped roofs were the most honored. Outside of mainland China, hipped roofs can be seen in Taiwan, for example, at the National Theatre and the Da Zhi Zhong Lie Shrine, but they are not monuments but replicas of ancient buildings.

Hipped roof: the roof is a combination of hipped roof and overhanging roof, the upper two-thirds of the overhanging roof, the lower third of the hipped roof, thus forming four slopes and nine ridges of the modeling, nine ridges are a ridge, the upper four ridges, four corners of the four ridges and ridges, and four ridge between the four bumps (qiang) ridge. (i.e., four slopes of the upper part of the roof turned into a vertical triangular wall. There is a main ridge, four pendant ridges, four depending on the ridge composition, so it is also known as nine ridge roof.)

Hanging mountain roof, that is, hanging mountain roof, the Song Dynasty, called "not building two ends of the building", the Qing Dynasty, called "hanging mountain", "picking mountain", also known as the" It is a roof style of ancient Chinese architecture. In the grade below the hipped roof and hiatus roof, only higher than the hard roof, only used for folk buildings, is the most common form of general construction in China.

Suspended roof is two slopes out of the water five ridges and two slopes, generally composed of a ridge and four ridges, but there is also no ridge of the scroll shed Suspended style. Unlike the hard roof, the walls on both sides of the overhanging roof are recessed into the roof, and the purlins of the roof are protruding out of the walls and protected by the wind boards. Because the roof of this type of building extends beyond the mountain wall, so it is called the overhanging roof or the overhanging roof. The overhanging roof is an early style of two-sided sloping roof, but it was not used for important buildings before the Tang Dynasty. Compared with the hard roof, the overhanging roof is good for preventing rain, while the hard roof is good for preventing wind and fire, so the southern residential houses use overhanging roofs, while the northern ones use hard roofs. Hard mountain roof: the roof is divided into two slopes in front and back with the center horizontal ridge as the boundary, and the left and right mountain walls are either flush with the roof or higher than the roof. The wall above the roof is called the wind-volcano wall, and its main function is to prevent the fire from spreading down the house in case of a fire. However, it is also quite stylish in terms of its appearance. (Roof double slope, both sides of the mountain wall with the roof flush, or slightly higher than the roof.)

The hard-hipped roof, or hard-hill roof, is a roof style of ancient Chinese architecture. It has the lowest rank and is lower than hipped roof, hermit roof and overhanging roof. According to the provisions of the Qing Dynasty, the main hall of the official and civilian residences below the sixth grade can only use the overhanging roof or hard hill roof. The two hipped rooms in the palace wall also have a hard roof.

Hard roof is two slopes out of the water five ridges and two slopes, consisting of a ridge and four ridges. Different from the hanging roof, the biggest feature of the hard roof is its two sides of the wall to purlin all wrapped up, due to its eaves do not go out of the wall, so the name of the hard mountain. Hard mountain roof appeared later, in the Song Dynasty, "building method" has not been recorded. It is possible that with the extensive use of masonry in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the hard roof was adopted in large numbers. Compared with the overhanging roof, the hard roof is good for preventing wind and fire, while the overhanging roof is good for preventing rain, so the northern houses have more hard roofs, while the south uses more overhanging roofs.

Rolling shed roof: the overall appearance of the same as the hard mountain, hanging mountain, the only difference is that there is no obvious ridge, the front slope of the roof in the ridge in an arc rolled to the back of the slope. If the above four types of roofs are angular, showing a masculine spirit, then the volume of the roof is quite a curve of the unique feminine beauty.

Rolled roof, that is, rolled roof, also known as the Yuanbao roof, is a roof style of ancient Chinese architecture.

Rolling roof is two slopes out of the water, which is characterized by the front and back of the two slopes are not clearly exposed at the junction of the main ridge, but into the curved surface of the arc. According to the left and right walls of the hanging mountain style and hard mountain style is different, roll shed roof can be divided into hanging mountain roll shed, hard mountain roll shed, in addition, the roll shed roof can also be hiatus type, so can be seen as hiatus, hanging mountain, hard mountain deformation.

Scroll roof lines smooth, gentle style, so more for garden buildings, in the palace is also used for eunuchs, servants and other living side rooms. Chengde summer resort palace area buildings are used to roll the roof, to show that this is the Palace, and the formal court to distinguish.

, save pointed roof: is the round and polygonal building roof modeling. In addition to the round save pointed roof without ridge, the ridge from the roof and the corner of the center of the roof convergence, the slope between the ridge is slightly curved. Jiangnan style roof eaves and roof corner of the warping are greater than the north, but to save the tip of the top of the most disparate, there are flying eaves of the name. This shape is easy to drain the rain, but also the beauty of light to fly.

Save pointed roof is mostly used for the area is not too large buildings, such as towers, pavilions, attics and so on. Characterized by a steeper roof, no ridge, only a few ridges intersect at the top, covered with a roof. The planes of the roofed buildings are square, round, triangular, five-pointed, six-pointed, eight-pointed, twelve-pointed and so on. Generally more than a single eave, two eave has been rare, three eave is very rare. Save the tip of the earliest in the Northern Wei grottoes carving, physical earlier in the Northern Wei Songyue Temple Tower, Sui Dynasty, Shentong Temple, four door tower and so on. Ming and Qing dynasties in this regard, there are a lot of physical objects.

China's ancient legacy of architectural excellence, in addition to the above single shape of the roof. There is also a combination of these monolithic roofs into a complex form: the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Summer Palace and the burned Yuanmingyuan are in the form of roofs of the main and secondary clear and varied to strengthen the infectious force, especially stunning is the Forbidden City Corner Tower roof of the combination of modeling.

The appearance of classical architecture is very obvious, are composed of roof, roof body, platform three parts, known as the "three-part". This "three-part style" is very different from the "three-part style" of European classical architecture, and has a unique style. Among the three sections, the large roof is the most typical. Ancient Chinese architecture, in the form of a significant feature is the large roof. The roof is not only tall and curved, the eaves on the four sides of the roof are higher than the center, and the whole roof forms a curve. From the beginning of the Han Dynasty to the specification of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the form of the roof has undergone a long evolutionary process, forming a complete system. The building in front of us, and the history of the "three sections", in the structure is not exactly the same. The roof of the tile is covered by the beams connected with the columns, and slopes downward to form a beautiful curve. The color of the side tiles is different from that of the head tiles. The gentle and open slope of the roof highlights the graceful and dignified form of the building and gives rise to a solemn and majestic atmosphere. Its highest level is the crown of the middle part of the large roof, actually the Institute's spacious conference hall, but as if the house on another small ancient colorful ancient building is located there. Ancient Chinese buildings have beautiful shapes, especially the most prominent roof shape, mainly hipped, hipped, overhanging mountain, hard mountain, save the tip, rolled shed and other forms. However, no matter hipped roof or hiatus roof, they are all large roofs, which seem to be stable and coordinated. The roof in a clever combination of straight lines and curves, the formation of upward slightly warped eaves, not only to expand the light surface, conducive to the drainage of rainwater, but also adds a sense of beauty of the building flying fast.