History of Senior High School: Compulsory 3 Unit 1: The Evolution of the Mainstream Thought of China's Traditional Culture Lesson 1 "A Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" and the Formation of Confucia

History of Senior High School: Compulsory 3 Unit 1: The Evolution of the Mainstream Thought of China's Traditional Culture Lesson 1 "A Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" and the Formation of Confucianism. Lesson One "A Hundred Schools of Thought Contend" and the Formation of Confucianism

This topic mainly talks about the formation, development and evolution of Confucianism, the mainstream thought of China traditional culture. This process is divided into four historical stages, each with its own characteristics of the times. This lesson is the first historical stage: Confucianism stood out in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought (Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, etc. ) contended with each other, expressed their opinions, refuted each other's difficulties, and absorbed and merged with each other, eventually forming the traditional cultural system of China; Confucianism has developed and grown up in the process of absorbing the strengths of various schools.

Confucius, the founder of Confucian school, put forward the theory of "benevolence" and "ceremony" and advocated the establishment of a civilized society of ceremony and music.

Mencius inherited Confucius' theory, developed his thought of "ruling by virtue", advocated the theory of "benevolent government" and put forward the thought of "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch".

At the end of the Warring States Period, Xunzi extensively absorbed the essence of hundred schools of thought (at that time, Taoism, Mohism, Legalism and other hundred schools of thought were beneficial and reasonable scientific elements), enriched the ideological content of early Confucianism, emphasized that "Heaven has its regularity", put forward the idea of "controlling destiny and using it", and made a thorough discussion on "Rite", thus becoming a master of Confucianism.

1. "A hundred schools of thought contend" means that different schools of intellectuals appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The so-called "hundred schools" refers to a large number, which are mainly divided into ten schools: Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, Miscellaneous, Nominal, Strategist and Novelist. The so-called "struggle" means that scholars or thinkers representing all classes and political forces at that time hoped to explain everything in the universe and society according to the interests and requirements of their own classes, so they wrote books and made statements, collected disciples and ran away to express their opinions.

Two. Confucius and Early Confucianism

1. Confucius

(1) political thought: put forward the theory of "benevolence" and "courtesy"; Advocate the establishment of a civilized society of rites and music.

Pay attention to politics and personnel and stay away from ghosts and gods.

(2) Educational thoughts: initiated the atmosphere of private lectures in ancient China; Run your own ideas through educational activities; Pay attention to people's all-round development.

(3) The historical position of Confucius: the founder, educator and cultural communicator of Confucianism.

2. Mencius

(1) ideological content: Mencius inherited Confucius' theory, developed his thought of "ruling by virtue", advocated the theory of "benevolent government" and put forward the thought of "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch".

(2) Influence: It has made an important contribution to the development of Confucianism.

3. Xunzi

(1) Main ideas:

He emphasized that "Heaven has its regularity", put forward the idea of "using it when it is ordered", and also made an in-depth discussion on "ceremony".

(2) Status: It has extensively absorbed the essence of various thoughts, enriched the ideological content of early Confucianism, and became a "master" of Confucianism.

After talking about this book, it summarizes the aspects in which Mencius and Xunzi played the role of Confucius thought and the basic characteristics of early Confucianism.

2. Representatives and main viewpoints of other major schools

The influence of the main content of school representatives

Laozhuang

Laozi's "Tao" is the foundation of the world; Simple dialectical thinking; A "small country with few people" society. The tendency of Laozi and Zhuangzi to advocate nature and pursue spiritual freedom beyond utilitarianism had an important influence on the ancient culture of China.

Zhuangzi preached that heaven is natural and inaction; Pursue "freedom"

Legalist school

Li Kui's Thought of Wei's Reform: Rewarding Farming and Heavy Punishment. It played an important role in the establishment of China's autocratic political system and even the unification of the whole country by Qin Shihuang. After the Han Dynasty, his thought of rule of law was absorbed into the Confucian system and became a tool to maintain the autocratic regime.

Shang Yang carried out two reforms in Qin State: abandoning the old system, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, strengthening centralization and taking officials as teachers.

Han Feizi, a master of legalist thought, systematized legalist theory; Advocate strengthening the centralization of monarchy, implementing clear rewards and punishments, and rewarding farming; Advocating that "things are wrong, then prepare for change."

Mohism advocates that Mozi "loves each other and brings out the best in each other"; Non-attack, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, non-music, non-life, burial, frugality; Contributions of epistemology and logic. It gradually disappeared after the Han Dynasty.

Instruct students to fill in the form, and then inspire students to analyze the social basis of Laozi and Zhuangzi research in combination with the social, political and economic situation in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

For the same school, the thoughts of different thinkers should also be analyzed differently. Grasp the ideological characteristics of various schools from the whole and local aspects.

Remember: in addition to the above three representatives, there are Wu Qi and Shen Buhai. Legalists have three different schools of thought, namely, attaching importance to law, technique and power. Han Feizi is a master of Legalism.