Common sense of ancient and modern culture

1. Knowledge about some ancient cultures 1. Why should we be born in Confucius two thousand years ago?

1. Confucius' thought is the essence of China's traditional culture. Although it has developed since then, most of them are patched up on this basis. 2. The core of Confucius' thought is "benevolence". Benevolent people love others, which is conducive to harmonious interpersonal relationships. This is the truth that is strongly advocated now; In China's long feudal society, the ethics advocated by Confucianism was needed by the rulers and was conducive to maintaining a unified empire. 3. Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Kangxi Qi Jiguang, Lin Zexu, Zuo, Yue Fei, Zhang Heng, Mozi, a monk and his party, Cai Lun and Bi Sheng. Four great inventions. Confucius.

2. Common sense of ancient literature

1. Cultural knowledge 1. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty: Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo.

2. Three Kingdoms: Wei, Shu and Wu. 3. Four classic works: A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and The Journey to the West.

4. Four folklores: The Legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl, butterfly lovers, Meng Jiangnv and White Snake. 5. The world's four great short story masters: Chekhov, Mo Bosang, Mark Twain and O'Henry.

6. Su Shi's prose represents the highest achievement of prose in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his poetry and Huang Tingjian are called Su Huang. 7. Ma Zhiyuan's masterpiece Tianjingsha Qiu Si is regarded as the originator of Qiu Si.

After ten years' study, Cao Xueqin created Dream of Red Mansions, the greatest realistic work in China's classical novels. After its publication, it was widely circulated, loved by people, and some people studied A Dream of Red Mansions, which has now become an important topic in the study of world literature. 9. Lu Xun is the founder of modern literature in China, and Chen Yi is known as a marshal poet. Cang Kejia is regarded as a clay poet, because most of his poems are about rural areas. In other places, Wen Yiduo is known as the drummer of the times.

10, three friends in the cold: pine, bamboo and plum. 1 1. Four gentlemen in flowers: plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum.

12, four friends of literati: piano, chess, books and paintings. 13, Four Treasures of the Study: pen, ink, paper and inkstone.

14, Sikuquanshu: Scenery, History, Zi and Ji. 15, The Book of Songs has six meanings: style, elegance, ode (classification), fu, comparison and xing (expression).

16, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels. 17, laurel, top, top, champion: first.

18, three cardinal guides and five permanent members: three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the monarch is the minister, and the husband is the wife; The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith. 19, The Four Books and Five Classics are the main classics of Confucianism: The Four Books are The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Doctrine of the Mean and The University; The Five Classics refer to poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Period.

20. Huang San: Emperor, Huangdi, Ren Huang or Fuxi, Nuwa, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Tang Yao and Yu Shun. 2 1. Hardware: gold, silver, copper, iron and tin.

22. Five flavors: sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty. 23. Five elements: gold, wood, water, fire and earth.

24. The eight methods of permanent characters mean that permanent characters have eight strokes: point, horizontal, vertical, left, press, fold, hook and lift. 25. In ancient times, there were names such as Yao, Xu and imperial academy. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the highest institution of higher learning was imperial academy.

26. Three religions and nine streams: three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism; Jiuliu: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Legalism, Mohism, Militarism and Miscellaneous Farmhouse. 27. Ancient imperial examinations (Sui Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties): ① childbirth examination, also known as childbirth examination, is called childbirth examination. Candidates, regardless of age, are called childbirth. After passing the exam, you can get the qualification of trainee (scholar, xianggong) in order to take the imperial examination.

(2) After the provincial examinations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the examinations were held in the provincial capitals every three years, and the scholars took part. The person who passed the exam is called Jie, and the first person who passed the exam is called Jie. (3) Examination: The Ming and Qing Dynasties held an examination every three years in Beijing. Juren from all provinces and imperial academy Guo Jian students could take the examination, and 300 students were admitted as Gong Shi, and the first one was named as a member.

(4) The palace examination is the highest level of the imperial examination system. If the emperor is in the palace, he should try to enroll Gong Shi to ask himself. Admission is divided into three classes: first-class and third-class, respectively awarded the titles of Jinshi and Ji, the first place in the champion (Dingyuan), the second place in the second place and the third place, collectively called the third-class tripod; A number of dimethyl, given the title of Jinshi origin; A number of the top three, given the title of Jinshi origin.

Second, the most 1 and the earliest collection of poems in China literature is The Book of Songs; 2. The earliest patriotic poet was Qu Yuan; 3. The earliest pastoral poet was Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; 4. The earliest and most outstanding frontier poets were Gao Shi and Cen Can in the prosperous Tang Dynasty; 5. The most outstanding uninhibited poet in ancient times was Su Shi in the Northern Song Dynasty; 6. The most outstanding poetess in ancient times was Li Qingzhao of the Southern Song Dynasty; 7. The most famous patriotic poet in ancient times was Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty; 8. The greatest romantic poet in ancient times was Li Bai in the Tang Dynasty; 9. The greatest realistic poet in ancient times was Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty; 10, the patriotic poet who wrote the most poems in ancient times was Lu You in the Southern Song Dynasty; 1 1. The most famous novel in ancient times was The Journey to the West in Wu Cheng'en in the Ming Dynasty. 12, the most famous historical novel in ancient times is Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the early Ming Dynasty; 13. The earliest novel of peasant uprising in ancient times was Shi Naian's Water Margin at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. 14. The greatest realistic novel in ancient times was A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty. 15. The most outstanding satirical novel in ancient times is Wu's Scholars in Qing Dynasty. 16, the most outstanding collection of classical Chinese short stories in ancient times is Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio in Qing Dynasty; 17, the earliest recorded prose in ancient times was The Analects of Confucius; 18, the earliest recorded history book in ancient times is Zuo Zhuan; 19, the earliest biographical history in ancient times is Historical Records; 20. The most outstanding inscription in ancient times was Liu Yuxi's Humble Room Inscription in the Tang Dynasty; 2 1, the greatest writer in modern times is Lu Xun; 22. The most outstanding novel in modern times is Midnight by Mao Dun; 23. The most influential collection of short stories in modern times is Lu Xun's Scream. 3. Commonly used metonymic words 1, Mulberry: hometown 2, Taoli: student 3, country, Xuanyuan: country 4, Nanguan: prisoner 5, classmate 6, bonfire: war 7, woman 8, bamboo: music 9, man 10. History: Chronicle 13, husband and wife 14, Ding Bai, Buyi people 15, yellow hair: old man 16, mulberry mother: farming 17, support, overlooking: children/kloc.

2. Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, also known as Liu Han, were advocates of the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty. 3. Father and son poets: Su Xun (Lao Su), Su Shi (Da Su) and Su Zhe (Xiao Su).

4. Bold poets: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, also known as Su Xin; Graceful lyricist: Li Qingzhao (poetess). 5. Du Li: Li Bai and Du Fu.

Xiao: Li Shangyin and Du Mu. 6. Qu Yuan: the earliest great poet in China. He created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and created the romance of China's poetry.

3. Common sense of ancient culture

Ancient Astronomical Four Elephants The ancients divided twenty-eight lodges into four directions: east, north, west and south. The seven huts on each side are imagined as four animal images, called four elephants.

The seven nights in the East are like dragons flying in the night sky in spring and early summer, so they are called the Oriental Black Dragon. The seven nights in the north appear like snakes and turtles in the night sky in summer and early autumn, so it is called North Xuanwu. The seven-night tiger in the west jumped out of the night sky in late autumn and early winter, so it was called the West White Tiger. South Seven Nights is like a Suzaku spreading its wings and flying, appearing in the night sky in winter and early spring, so it is called South Suzaku. The nickname of the moon is the most prominent description object of natural objects mentioned in ancient poems.

Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon is like a hook, it is called a silver hook and a jade hook. (2) Because the string moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow and bow moon.

(3) The full moon is called golden wheel, jade wheel, silver plate, jade plate, golden mirror and jade mirror because it is like a wheel, a plate and a mirror. (4) It is said that there are rabbits and toads on the moon, so they are called silver rabbits, jade rabbits, golden toads, silver toads and the moon.

(5) According to legend, there are laurel trees in the middle of the month, so they are called Gui Yue, Guilun, Guigong and Guiling. (6) According to legend, there are Guanghan Palace and Qing Xu Palace in the middle of the month, so it is called Guanghan and Qing Xu.

(7) Because it is said that the moon drives the gods, it is called Wang Shu. It is said that Chang 'e lives in the middle of the month, so the moon is called Chang 'e.

(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. Ancient Geographical Rivers Many ancient articles specifically mentioned the Yangtze River and the Yellow River.

For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight against Henan and ministers fight against Hebei." "On Qin": "Then we will strengthen the city, because the river is a pool."

In Dedicated to Sister, "Jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "He" refers to the canal. Xihe River is also called Hexi and the area west of Yellow River.

Such as "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "It must be outside the Xihe River." On Qin: "So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River."

Jiangdong lies to the east of the Yangtze River. For example, Li Qingzhao said in a poem: "I miss Xiang Yu so far and refuse to cross Jiangdong."

Battle of Red Cliffs: "I am also a father and brother, leaving Jiangdong." Jiangzuo is Jiangdong.

The ancients Zuo Dong right west. "Heroes will be recruited by Jiang Gan": "That is, the order is to call Jiang Zuoying Jie to pick up his children."

The river is south of the Yangtze River. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Jiang is a hero, and salt is attached to it."

Jiangnan is the general name of the area south of the Yangtze River, and the areas referred to vary from time to time. Bai Juyi said: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery has been cooked."

Wang Anshi's poem says, "Spring breeze is green in Jiang Nanan. When will the bright moon shine on me? " Huaizuo, east of Huaishui.

"Yangzhou Slow" "Huai Zuo Du Ming, Zhu Xi Jia Chu", Yangzhou is in the east of Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.

However, it should be noted that because the "mountain" of "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Lushan, Huashan, Taihang Mountain and Taishan Mountain, the areas referred to are not the same. The following is the standard "Shandong" of Lushan Mountain.

For example, Hanshu once mentioned that "Shandong produces a map and Shanxi produces a general". Hongmen Banquet: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for money."

"On Qin": "Shandong Haojun rises together and Qin family dies." The ancient Kanto refers to the area east of Hanguguan or Tongguan, and the modern refers to the northeast area east of Shanhaiguan.

Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Kanto, fighting for the heroes." Refers to the area east of Tongguan.

Kansai refers to the area west of Hanguguan or Tongguan. Battle of Red Cliffs: "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is the future trouble of Cao Cao."

Guanzhong refers to different areas, and the ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "The Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong and make Zi Ying the phase."

"On Qin": "The heart of the first emperor thought it was fixed in Guanzhong." In ancient China, there were four chronologies: (1) the chronology of the year when princes ascended the throne.

Count the years according to the years of the prince's reign. Biography of Lian Po: "In the sixteenth year of Huiwen, Lian Po was General Zhao."

(2) the number of years and the method of years. There has been a title since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Since then, every emperor has to change the throne and mark the year with the year number. Such as Pipa Xing and Ten Years of Yuanhe.

(3) chronology of major branches. Such as "Five Tombstones": "In memory of the arrest of Duke Zhou, I hope Ding Mao will be in March."

(4) The year number should be both a stem and a branch. When the year is numbered, the emperor's year is put in front, and the cadres and branches are listed behind.

There were three lunar calendar methods in ancient China: ordinal lunar calendar method. For example, "Herb Picking": "March flowers in the flat land, April flowers in the deep mountains."

Earth-supported lunar method. The ancients often called twelve months by twelve earthly branches, and each earthly branch was preceded by a specific word "sword".

For example, Du Fu's poem "Caotang is a thing" said: "A deserted village builds a moon, and an old woman's family is alone." "Zhuziyue" refers to the November of the lunar calendar according to the method of Zhou Dynasty. Seasonal calendar method.

Such as "Nineteen Ancient Poems": "When Meng Dong is cold, why is the north wind sad?" "Meng Dong" stands for October of the lunar calendar.

In ancient China, there were four main methods to record the days: sequential method. "Ji Xiang Xuanzhi": "On the night of March 5, the moon is half."

"March 5th" refers to the 15th day of the lunar calendar. Main and branch calendars.

For example, the Battle of Dishes: "In summer and April, Xin Si was defeated by Dishes." "Xin Si in April" refers to the lunar calendar method on April 13th of the lunar calendar.

Refers to the use of "new moon, non-,prosperous, both prosperous and beneficial" to mark the day. The first day of each month is called the new moon, the third day of each month is called the moon, and the middle of the month is called the moon (the fifteenth day of a small month and the sixteenth day of a big month). The day after the moon is called hope, and the last day of each month is called cloudy.

With both stems and branches, and the moon. Before the dry support is placed, after the moon phase is arranged.

There were two main timing methods in ancient China: weather timing method. The ancients originally divided a day and night into twelve hours according to the change of the sky. Their names are: Midnight, Crow, Pingdan, Sunrise, Food Time, Horn (Yu), Sun, Sun (Death), Sun (Divination), Sunrise, Dusk, and Man's Decision.

For example, "Peacock flies southeast": "Chickens crow into the weaving and can't rest every night." "Lonely people will settle down after dusk."

Geocentric chronology. The twelve earthly branches represent the change of twelve o'clock in a day and night.

There are three situations in which people use their first names: (1) call themselves by their first names. Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems".

(2) for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou".

(3) people who are disgusted and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter".

Ancient people named the word "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and they came of age (male 20 years old, female 15 years old.

4. Common sense of ancient culture in China

At least 0.27 yuan/day, you can open Baidu library members and view all the contents in the library >

Original Publisher: Blowing Snow Chasing

Summary of common sense of ancient culture in China: 1. Name; 3. Astronomical calendar; 4. Ancient geography; 6. Imperial examination system; 7. Customs and etiquette; 8. Diners; 9. Music and entertainment; 10. Bibliography; 1 1. Ancient military system; 1. Name; 636 f 7079 e 79 fa 5 e 98 1933 1333438。 Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography. For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names. Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping's name is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian's name is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming's name is Tao, Li Bai's name is Du Fu's name is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan's name is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu's name is Ouyang Yongshu, and Sima Guang's name is the title number, also known as alias and table number. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself. Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. For example, Tao Qian's fifth name is posthumous title, which was added after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes in ancient posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong. Calling Qin Gui a traitor is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number. For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao (the legendary leader of the tribal alliance in the late period of the patriarchal clan society in ancient China)

5. Knowledge of ancient civilization in China.

China is one of the cradles of world civilization with a history of 5,000 years. It is called "four ancient civilizations" together with ancient Egypt, Babylon and ancient India.

Among the four ancient civilizations, ancient Egypt, ancient Babylon and ancient India all lost their independence due to foreign invasion, which interrupted ancient civilizations. China is the only ancient country with an uninterrupted civilization tradition in the world. Long before the country was formed, Huangdi, Yao, Shun, Yu and others had been active in the Yellow River basin. The first slave country in China was established in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, including four stages: Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn. Slavery in China experienced an independent continuation and development period of 1600 years, which is unmatched by other ancient civilizations. With the end of slavery in China in 476 BC, the history of China entered the feudal society in 475 BC, one thousand years earlier than the transition from Western Europe to feudal society in 476 BC. In 22 1 year BC, China established a unified and multi-ethnic centralized state-Qin State; However, the British rule in Western Europe began to take the road of centralized national monarchy after the end of the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France in 1453, which was more than 600 years later than our country.

Statistics of natural science show that the proportion of China's major scientific and technological achievements (projects) in the world's major scientific and technological achievements is: 57.4% before the 6th century BC; 6th century BC to BC 1 century 50%; 62% from BC 1 century to 400; From 40 1 to 1000, it is 71%; 58% from 100 1 to 1500. Before the Ming Dynasty, there were more than 300 important inventions and major scientific and technological achievements in the world, of which 175 was invented by China people. From 3rd century BC to15th century BC, China's scientific and technological inventions left Europe behind, and many projects were hundreds or even thousands of years earlier than Europe.

Among them, the four inventions of papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass are the great contributions of the Chinese nation to world civilization, which have profoundly influenced the process of world civilization. These inventions have changed the face of the world and the original state of everything, and their spread is not limited to a local area, but the whole world; Its influence is not temporary, but lasts for thousands of years. Agriculture and animal husbandry, handicrafts, urban construction, religious belief, ancient music, painting, sculpture art, astronomical calendar, mathematics and metal mining all have the flash of ancient civilization.

Much knowledge of philosophy, science, literature and art that human beings have today can be traced back to the contributions of these ancient civilizations. Calendars, characters, pottery, pi, Pythagorean theorem, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes recorded the earliest solar eclipse, lunar eclipse and summer calendar in the world. In addition, China is one of the earliest countries in the world to grow rice and millet. Besides, China's silk tea ceramics are also famous, and China's ancient "Silk Road" is also well known.

Ancient civilization in China

China ancient civilization tracing project is another major national archaeological project initiated by the national archaeological community on 200 1 after the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties dating project. This project involves more than 20 disciplines of nature and humanities, and aims to answer many questions about the origin of China's ancient civilization, such as whether the legendary ancestors of the Chinese nation, Huangdi and Yan Di, really exist, what scripts are older than Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who built the first city on the land of China and who founded the first tribe, and so on. Through multidisciplinary cooperation, the history of the emergence and development of Chinese civilization can be restored.

The origin of ancient civilization in China is concentrated in the period from the "Five Emperors" recorded in the literature to the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, that is, from 3000 BC to 22 BC1year. The previous topics include: the culture and society of the Yellow Emperor, Yan Di and Yao Shunyu, the origin of Chinese characters, the environmental changes in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the origin of agriculture and animal husbandry, the development of handicrafts, the origin of cities, the relationship between war and civilization, the formation of kingship, the origin of religious beliefs, and the comparison between ancient China civilization and other ancient civilizations in the world. Related topics also include: music, painting, sculpture art, astronomical calendar, mathematics and metal mineral mining from prehistoric times to Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

Archaeologists will extract the genetic genes of ancient humans 5,000 years ago from the main active areas of the legendary Huang Qun, and compare them with those of Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties and even modern China, so as to study the formation process of the Chinese nation.

6. How much do you know about ancient culture?

, human appellation II, ancient official positions III, astronomical calendar IV, ancient geography V, imperial examination system VI, customs and etiquette VII, dining utensils VIII, music and entertainment IX, literature and history classics X, catalogue dictionary XI, ancient military system 1, ancient human appellation, common appellation, special appellation II, ancient official list and ancient official position explanation. Detailed explanation, appointment and removal of official posts, ancient conferring official titles, ancient contemporary official titles 3, astronomical calendar, astronomical calendar, names of stars, 28-star calendar 4, ancient geography, official titles, official titles 5, detailed explanation of ancient imperial examination system, overview of imperial examination system, development of ancient Chinese imperial examination system 6, customs and etiquette, traditional festivals, titles, etc. 7. Dining car used in ancient times Dining car used in ancient times 8. The pentatonic scale of music and entertainment is also called pentatonic scale, that is, the five tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zhi and Yu in ancient China.

Five tones, like the simple theoretical forms of yin and yang, five elements, five flavors, five colors, five facial features and five grains in ancient times, are the whole aesthetic concept of China in his early days, and are regarded as the basic form of the whole oriental music by westerners.

Ancient music and entertainment. Four books, five classics, six classics, thirteen classics, a thousand words, a thousand poems and 300 Tang poems. , human appellation II, ancient official positions III, astronomical calendar IV, ancient geography V, imperial examination system VI, customs and etiquette VII, dining utensils VIII, music and entertainment IX, literature and history classics X, catalogue dictionary XI, ancient military system 1, ancient human appellation, common appellation, special appellation II, ancient official list and ancient official position explanation. Detailed explanation, appointment and removal of official posts, ancient conferring official titles, ancient contemporary official titles 3, astronomical calendar, astronomical calendar, names of stars, 28-star calendar 4, ancient geography, official titles, official titles 5, detailed explanation of ancient imperial examination system, overview of imperial examination system, development of ancient Chinese imperial examination system 6, customs and etiquette, traditional festivals, titles, etc. 7. Dining car used in ancient times Dining car used in ancient times 8. The pentatonic scale of music and entertainment is also called pentatonic scale, that is, the five tones of Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zhi and Yu in ancient China.

Five tones, like the simple theoretical forms of yin and yang, five elements, five flavors, five colors, five facial features and five grains in ancient times, are the whole aesthetic concept of China in his early days, and are regarded as the basic form of the whole oriental music by westerners.

Ancient music and entertainment. Four Books, Five Classics, Six Classics, Thirteen Classics, Three-character Classics, Thousands of Poems, 300 Selected Poems of Tang Poetry, Compilation of Ancient Documents and Words, Twenty-four History, Tongzhijian, Poems of Taiping Guangji, Naming of Historical Books, and Writing of Literary and Historical Classics.

7. Common sense of ancient culture

3. Modesty and respect

Steal: settle, settle.

Boldly: Offensively and boldly.

Meng: Thank you.

Please allow me, please let me.

Driving for nothing: Thanks for your help.

Grant: It means that the other party has given benefits.

Imperial examination officials

After the provincial examination (the applicant's name is "Juren" and the name is "Xie Yuan")

Examination (the candidate's name is "Gong Sheng" and the name is "Hui Yuan")

Court examination (the examinee is named "Jinshi", the first one is named "No.1 scholar", the second one is named "No.1 scholar" and the third one is named "Exploring Flowers".

Worship: to grant an official position.

Except: old posts are deleted from new posts.

Out: as.

Promotion: promotion of official position.

Transfer: transfer official position for promotion.

G: abolish official positions.

Strike: recall and suspension.

Exemption: Exemption from official position.

Destroy: depose, demote.

Chen: Demoted and transferred far away.

Decision: removal from office.

Remove or depose.

Retirement: (1) Revocation or demotion of official position; (2) Resign yourself.

Reject: screen out.

Go: leave your post and be transferred.

Move to the left: reduce official transfer.

"Promotion and selection.

Grant: seal of official position.

What are nine nobles and three publics?

Both Qinghe Palace are official names. According to historical records, in the Western Zhou Dynasty, both the Zhou Dynasty and the governors had ministers, which were divided into upper, middle and lower levels. During the Warring States period, many countries used it. Shang Qing was the highest official position at that time.

The theory of "Jiuqing" began in Qin and Han Dynasties, and refers to nine official positions: Taichang, Guangluxun, Wei, Tingwei, Taifu, Dahonglu, Zong Zheng, Dasinong and Shaofu.

Specifically, Tai Chang is responsible for the sacrificial ceremony and etiquette of the ancestral temple; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and guards of the imperial court; Wei Wei is responsible for guarding the palace gate; The courtiers were in charge of the emperor's chariots and horses; Ting Wei is the highest judicial official, in charge of prisons and trial of cases. Dahonglu, also known as Dianke or Dahongling, is responsible for foreign affairs and ethnic affairs; Zong Zheng is responsible for the management of royal and clan affairs; Dasinong, also known as the internal history of millet management or agricultural order, is in charge of grain, goods, taxes, taxes, finance and so on. Shaofu is in charge of the tax revenue of Shanhai pond and supports the emperor. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, there was a young lady under the Qing Dynasty, which was abolished in the late Qing Dynasty.

The theory of "three publics" also began very early. Sima, Situ and Xi 'an were the three publics in the Zhou Dynasty, and the Prime Minister (Da Situ), Qiu (Da Sima) and Tai Yi (Da) were the three publics in the Western Han Dynasty. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the names had changed, referring to Qiu, Situ and Sima respectively. The three fairs, also known as the "three divisions", are responsible for both military and political affairs.