Lies and facts of the disintegration of the Soviet Union

Many researchers try to make a reasonable explanation for the drastic changes that took place in the Soviet Union in 199 1. The author of this paper, Shakrai, is a former Russian Deputy Prime Minister. He experienced the incident personally in 199 1 and participated in the negotiation and drafting of the Belovezh Agreement as Yeltsin's legal adviser. His statement is undoubtedly of great reference value for us to understand and study this incident.

Three reasons why the disintegration of the Soviet Union was ignored

For the reasons of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, many researchers have neglected three situations: first, the constitutional provisions give the country the right to join the Soviet Union and leave the Soviet Union freely; Second, the dependence between China and the United States failed to stand the test of a heavy crisis; The third is the process of autonomy proposed by the central government.

At present, there are many writings about the reasons for the disintegration of the powerful Soviet empire, but people often ignore three situations: the first is that the Soviet Constitution stipulates the right to join the Soviet Union and leave the Soviet Union freely, which has been dormant for decades like a mine with delayed explosion; The second reason is that the "information virus" of "dependence" that broke out in the late 1980s and early 1990s failed to stand the test of a serious crisis, and China began to regret sending bread to its neighbors to protect itself. In Tbilisi and Vilnius, people say "Moscow has had enough", while in Urals, some people ask them to stop "feeding" the Central Asian Republic. The third reason is the so-called autonomous process. By the early 1990s, the "reform" had come to an end. With the weakening of the political and economic strength of the central government, the power began to "drain" to join the * * * Republic and the autonomous * * Republic. In the competition between Yeltsin and Gorbachev for political leadership, the disadvantage of the first president of the Soviet Union became more and more obvious: he was only elected by the people's congress, not directly voted by citizens, so his status was not as legal and authoritative as any president who joined the Republic of China.

In order to weaken the influence of Russia and Yeltsin, Gorbachev proposed to upgrade the autonomous units in the Russian Federation to the status of a republic. 1on April 26th, 990, supreme soviet of the ussr passed corresponding laws and started the "autonomy" mechanism. As a result, there are many cheese holes in the image block of the Russian Federation, and Russia has lost 5 1% of its territory, all its strategic resources and nearly 20 million people.

In order to safeguard the integrity of the Republic of China, the Russian People's Congress adopted the Statement on Russian Soviet Socialism and the National Sovereignty of the Federal Republic on1June 1990 12 with an overwhelming majority (903 votes in favor, 13 votes against, with 9 abstentions). There is not a word in this statement that the Russian Federation wants to secede from the Soviet Union. On the contrary, the Russian Federation has clearly announced its willingness to continue to be part of the updated alliance.

Perhaps few people will remember that the Russian Federation, unlike other republics, has no party organization. Ivan Polozkov and Genazi zyuganov set up the Russian Federation's * * * Production Party when the Party was criticized, so as to oppose the leadership of the alliance, which played a decisive role in the collapse of the Soviet Union's * * * Production Party and led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union.

In order to dismiss Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Soviet Union and President of the Soviet Union, the Soviet opposition and party organs are going to hold the Extraordinary Soviet Congress and the Soviet People's Congress in September 199 1. Gorbachev sought support from the leaders who joined the * * *, promised to completely expand his authority, and stepped up preparations for signing a new alliance treaty 199 1 in August. In order to get ahead of Gorbachev's action, the National Emergency Committee launched the famous "819" incident.

Mikhail gorbachev, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union, resigned from the post of General Secretary on August 25th, 199 1 due to the events that took place from August to February1,and called on the Central Committee of the Soviet Union to "make a difficult but honest decision-rely on itself". August 22nd 199 1 to1October 6th 165438+ All producers who joined the * * * Republic and the Soviet Union * * * as all-alliance organizations stopped their activities.

It is natural that a unified country will collapse with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. 1991August, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, Moldavia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and Estonia decided to secede from the Soviet Union (although legal procedures were not followed). In September, Armenia and Tajikistan also decided to become independent. Earlier, Lithuania, Latvia and Georgia decided to leave the Soviet Union in the spring of 1990 and 199 1 respectively. In this way, by June 199 1 12, all the participating countries had actually left the Soviet union except Russia and Kazakhstan.

1 9911February1Ukraine's referendum ended this disintegration process. In this referendum, the overwhelming majority of Ukrainian citizens supported Ukraine's declaration of independence.

Brzezinski, assistant to former US President george carter, pointed out many times that the key role of the disintegration of the Soviet Union was the influence of American strategists on Ukraine. "It is Ukraine's actions, including its declaration of independence in June 199 12. In the important negotiations of Belovez Woods on replacing the Soviet Union with a more liberal Commonwealth of Independent States, the firm attitude, especially the unexpected coup-like command of Soviet troops stationed in Ukrainian territory, prevented the CIS from becoming a new name of a more federal Soviet Union. Ukraine's political independence shocked Moscow and set an example. Although other Soviet republics were not sure at first, they followed suit. " (brzezinski: Big Chess, 1998)

The Truth of Signing the Belovez Agreement

1991February, the leaders of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine gathered to discuss the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. They asked the experts to prepare the documents according to the model of the consortium, and then sent them to the room where only the three of them were. After the agreement was signed, they called Bush and Gorbachev separately to inform them of the demise of the Soviet Union and the birth of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

19911On February 8th, the leaders of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine signed an agreement, officially confirming the reality of the end of the Soviet Union.

At first, some people wanted to keep the alliance in some form. As we all know, Yeltsin not only said that "the alliance will last forever" at that time, but also initialled the draft alliance treaty in August 199 17, and planned to formally sign it in August 19. However, the Ukrainian president didn't even want to listen to the word "alliance", and finally found the form of "consortium" as a way for countries with the same economy.

Regarding the signing of the agreement, it is widely said that the Moscow representative came to Viskuli with the prepared text. In fact, there are no words, computers and floppy disks. The manuscript was typed with an electronic typewriter and copied into three copies with a teleprinter.

The presidents asked the experts to write documents according to the consortium model. The general idea is clear, but it is important to find the necessary legal form for it. When 1922, three of the four founding countries, Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, gathered in Viskuli, everything was solved. The fourth country was the South Caucasus Federation, which only existed until 1936. All members of the former South Caucasus Federation have withdrawn from the alliance. Obviously, three of the four founders have the right to discuss the fate of the alliance.

Thus, the text of the agreement was born. It consists of two parts: the first part is the fact that the founding countries confirmed the death of the Soviet Union they established; The second part is that Russia, Belarus and Ukraine (still the founding countries) announced the establishment of a new consortium-CIS.

When the first draft of the negotiation text was ready, someone faxed three copies and sent them across the corridor to the room where only Yeltsin, kravchuk and Shushkevich stayed. At this time, there are neither any experts nor any consultants around them. There are some questions, comments and suggestions in the documents sent back by presidents. The file was revised and copied again, and repeated several times, but there was still no conclusion.

So they decided to contact Nur Sultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan, and ask him to come here urgently. It is important to get the support of this prestigious leader. However, despite being invited, Nazarbayev did not come, but stayed at Gorbachev's official residence in Moscow. It is said that Gorbachev promised him the post of Soviet Prime Minister. In addition, both presidents refused to believe that the Soviet Union was doomed.

Before Nazarbayev, Yeltsin, kravchuk and Shushkevich signed an agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. After the agreement was signed, they decided to call Gorbachev and Bush.

It took the operator a long time to find the owner of the Kremlin, but the White House was soon connected. As a result, the conversation went on at the same time: Yeltsin spoke to Bush, and Suskovics spoke to Gorbachev. When Gorbachev learned what had happened, he immediately turned to the army, but the soldiers didn't respond. This is reminiscent of the history of Tsar Nicholas II in 19 17, when the tsar turned to the army for help from the commander-in-chief's base camp, but the army unanimously asked him to step down.

As a direct participant in these events, I remember that the Russian delegation returned to Moscow from Minsk with ambivalence. On the one hand, as we all know, it has successfully prevented the situation from developing into "Yugoslavia", that is, a bloody military conflict between regions of a country. On the other hand, everyone feels great irreparable loss and panic.

In fact, the Supreme Soviet of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine unanimously approved the agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States, which ended the disintegration of the Soviet Union in legal procedures. Soon, besides the Baltic States and Georgia, other countries also joined the CIS.

19911February 25-26, supreme soviet of the ussr confirmed the fact of the disintegration of the union and voted to suspend the functions and powers of the state organs of the union.