The study of language is broadly divided into which parts of the study of what aspects of language respectively?

Linguistic research can be divided into three categories: basic research, applied research, and cross-sectional research, from which different disciplines of linguistics are formed.

(1) Basic Research

Basic research is the study of the basic structure and nature of language. From the scope of the object of study, linguistics can be divided into specific linguistics and general linguistics. Specific linguistics takes a specific language (such as Chinese, English, Russian, French, etc.) as the object of study. General linguistics, also known as general linguistics, takes all human languages as its object of study and focuses on the exploration of the ****ness of language, the nature of language and the relationship between language and society, etc., so as to form a universal theory of language. The content of this book belongs to general linguistics. In terms of the time (i.e., dynamic and static nature) of the object of study, linguistics can be divided into ephemeral linguistics and ****temporal linguistics. Ephemeral linguistics, also known as dynamic linguistics, mainly studies the development and evolution of language and its laws, and is a longitudinal study of language, such as the history of the development of Chinese language, the history of the development of English language, and so on. ****Temporal linguistics, also known as static linguistics, mainly studies the structural system of language, is the horizontal study of language, such as modern French, ancient Chinese, etc.. It is also customary to categorize linguistics in terms of research methods. For example, the study of languages with kinship by comparative method is called historical comparative linguistics; the study of languages without kinship by contrast method is called comparative linguistics. Also belonging to this category are structuralist linguistics, transformational generative linguistics, and so on. It is also possible to take a certain subsystem, a certain unit or a certain aspect of language as the object of study, thus forming phonetics, lexicography, syntax, semantics, chapter linguistics, dialectology and so on. Text is a symbol system for recording language, and although text is not an integral part of language, textual science, which specializes in the study of text, is a branch of linguistics.

(2) Applied Research

The applied research of linguistics is collectively called applied linguistics. Applied linguistics utilizes the theories, methods and results of basic research in linguistics to clarify and solve linguistic problems in other fields, and to transform the results of basic research in linguistics into social benefits. The biggest research field of Applied Linguistics is language teaching, so the narrow sense of Applied Linguistics only refers to language teaching. Language teaching includes native language teaching, foreign language teaching, and language treatment and rehabilitation for people with language disorders. Dictionary compilation, script creation and reform, creation and implementation of special language codes for the disabled (e.g., deaf-mute fingerspelling, Braille), standardization and promotion of standard languages, language translation, and language countermeasures in society are also important research contents of applied linguistics. In recent decades, with the rapid development of intelligence and computer science, the retrieval and management of information intelligence, human-computer dialogues, artificial intelligence and other fields have also become important areas of applied linguistics. With the development of social science and technology, the field of applied linguistics will become more and more extensive.

(C) Cross-research

Cross-penetration between disciplines is a major trend in the current development of science, and the large number of cross-disciplines is a major sign of contemporary science. Linguistics has many traditional partners, such as literature, sociology, history, philosophy, logic, anthropology, culture, geography, archaeology, psychology and so on. Most of these disciplinary partners belong to the humanities. And now linguistics has developed some new partners, such as mathematics, computer science, medicine, intelligence, communication science, etc. Most of these new partners belong to the field of science and technology. The connection between linguistics and these old and new partners has developed and established a large number of interdisciplinary subjects in linguistics. The major ones are: sociolinguistics, philosophy of language, logical linguistics, anthropological linguistics (known as "cultural linguistics" abroad), geolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, pathological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, computational linguistics, experimental linguistics and so on. The above division of these three kinds of research is relative, and this relativity is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, there is no absolute boundary between these three kinds of research. For example, the study of the relationship between language and society belongs to the problem of general linguistics, but it is also a content of concern to sociolinguistics. A research content is the same object of research in different disciplines***; secondly, some language disciplines may be cross-categorical, such as pragmatics, which specializes in language use, belongs to both basic and applied research; language pedagogy is both applied linguistics and a cross-discipline between linguistics and pedagogy. Moreover, these three kinds of research, and even each sub-discipline of linguistics, are complementary to each other. For example, applied research and cross-study cannot be separated from the results of basic research, while basic research also needs to draw on the results of applied research and cross-study, so as to have a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of language, and will even form the theory of general linguistics. For example, psycholinguistic research on children's language development is extremely valuable to the study of the occurrence and development of human language and to the understanding of the ****ness of human language. Again, specific language research (for example, the study of Chinese language) cannot be separated from the theoretical guidance of general linguistics; general linguistics must also absorb theories and methods of general significance from specific language research, and utilize the materials and results of specific language research to enrich and develop itself.　　Therefore, although there are differences in the levels and types of various studies in linguistics, there is no superiority or inferiority. Exaggerating the importance of a certain kind of research, while belittling or even rejecting a certain kind of research, is not conducive to the healthy development of linguistics.