Geography Review Outline for Grade 8 (Recognizing Geographic Differences in China)

Chapter 5: Geographic Differences in China

1. China has a vast territory, and the geography of different regions varies greatly. According to the differences in (geographic) location, (natural) environment and (human) geographic characteristics of each region, China can be divided into (four) major geographic regions, namely, the (northern) region, the (southern) region (northwestern) region and the (Qinghai-Tibetan) region.

2. The monsoon area includes roughly the (northern) and (southern) regions in the four major geographic regions of China; the non-monsoon area includes roughly the (northwestern) and (Qinghai-Tibetan) regions in the four major geographic regions of China.

3. The southern and northern regions are roughly bounded by the (Qinling) and (Huaihe) Rivers, which roughly coincide with the January (0) degree isotherm and the (800) millimeter annual precipitation line.

4. Influenced by the natural environment, people in the northern and southern regions also have great differences in (production methods), (living habits), (cultural traditions) and other aspects. Most of the farmland in the north is (dryland), mainly planted (wheat, soybean), the ripening system (one year) or (two years). Transportation is mainly by (land transportation). The south is mostly (paddy), mainly planting (rice, rape), etc., ripening (one year, two ripe) or (three ripe). Transportation is mainly by water.

5. The terrain of the northern region is dominated by (plains and plateaus). The climate type is (temperate monsoon climate). The southern region includes (the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the southern coastal region and the southwest); humid (subtropical and tropical monsoon) climate, the terrain is mostly interspersed (plains, hills, basins and plateaus).

6, the northwest region, including (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Gansu) the northern part of the province. The climate is (arid, semi-arid) temperate continental climate. The terrain is dominated by (plateaus and basins). The eastern plateau is dominated by (grassland, desert) landscapes; in the western basin there is a large area of (desert) distribution, and only the edges of the basin are dotted with (oasis). There are few rivers in the northwest, and most of them are (inland rivers).

7, the Qinghai-Tibetan region, including (Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Sichuan) province in the west; climate (alpine climate) is dominant; terrain (plateau, mountains) is dominant. The average altitude (4000) meters above sea level, has ("roof of the world") called.

8, Northwest and Qinghai-Tibet region are China's main (pastoral), pasture and the main livestock species have their own characteristics. Inner Mongolia is mainly (temperate grassland pastures); Xinjiang is mainly (mountain pastures); Qinghai and Tibet is mainly (alpine pastures). The (Sanhe horses and Sanhe cows) of the Hulunbeier Grassland in Inner Mongolia, the (fine-wooled sheep) of Xinjiang, the (yak) and (Zang sheep) of Qinghai and Tibet, and the (beach goats) of Ningxia are all famous breeds of livestock.

9, in the northwestern (Hetao area, Ningxia Plain, Hexi Corridor and Tianshan) foothills, people use (river water and alpine ice and snow) meltwater, developed (irrigated agriculture); in Qinghai-Tibet (Yarlung Zangbo Valley), (Huangshui Valley) and other areas of lower altitude, the distribution of the (river valley) agriculture.

Chapter 6 Understanding Provincial Regions

1. Beijing is located in the northern part of the (North China) Plain and is the (political and cultural) center of the country as well as the center of (international communication). It is the hub of (highway, railroad and air traffic) in China.

2, Beijing's old city pattern was formed in the (Yuan and Ming) two generations, the city's buildings are arranged in a (checkerboard) shape, (Palace) in the center of the city, is China's successive generations of capital planning and construction of the representative.

3, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macao Special Administrative Region is located in the Pearl River downstream of the estuary of the east and west, which is located in the east (Hong Kong), the west is (Macao).

4, Hong Kong consists of (Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, the New Territories) three parts and more than 200 islands around it, is an international trade center, (transportation center, financial center), information services and (tourism) center.

5. Hong Kong has a large number of people and a low population, and there is more (mountainous) land and less (flat) land, so the land resources available for urban development are limited. "Going up"-construction of high-rise buildings and "going down"-reclamation of land have become two important ways of expanding urban land in Hong Kong.

6. Macau consists of (Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island), and (gaming and tourism) is an important pillar industry of Macau's economic development.

7. Taiwan Province includes (Taiwan Island), as well as the nearby (Penghu Islands, Diaoyu Islands) and many other small islands, (Taiwan) Island is the largest island in China. It is bordered by the (East China Sea) in the north, the (Pacific Ocean) in the east, the (South China Sea) in the south, and (Fujian) Province in the west across the (Taiwan) Strait. It is also a rich island, superior natural environment, (forests, minerals, aquatic) and other resources are very rich, known as the "southeast of the motherland sea pearl".

8, Taiwan Island is (subtropical, tropical) climate, warm and humid, the west of the (plains) fertile land, rich in (rice, sugar cane, tea and tropical, subtropical) fruit. （The (forest) area is vast and has the reputation of "Asia's Natural Botanical Garden". (Camphor) is the most famous tree species in Taiwan, and (camphor) production ranks first in the world. In addition, Taiwan is also known as the "rice warehouse on the sea, the sweet island of the Orient, the land of fruits, the sea of forests, and the salt reservoir of the Southeast".

9. Since the 1960s, Taiwan has utilized its advantages to focus on the development of (export processing) industry, forming an "import - processing - export" type of economy. The proportion of industrial products in the export trade. The proportion of industrial products in the export trade has steadily increased. The industries are mainly located in the (western) plains.

10, located in China's (northwestern) border Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is China's (largest) area of the province, this is to (Uygur), (Han) as the main multi-ethnic settlement. It is known as the hometown of songs and dances, melons and fruits. There is the largest desert in China (Taklamakan Desert), the hottest place (Turpan Basin) and the largest basin (Tarim Basin).

11, Xinjiang territory, high mountains and basins are distributed between the north (Altai Mountains), in the (Tianshan Mountains), south of the (Kunlun) mountain range, the majestic Tianshan north and south, respectively (Jungar) Basin and (Tarim) Basin.

12, due to the distance from the sea, surrounded by tall mountains, air currents from the sea is not easy to reach, so Xinjiang (precipitation) is scarce, the climate (arid). In the (basin) edge of the mountain plains and part of the (along the river) area, scattered with stars (oasis). Their water comes mainly from (mountain) precipitation and (ice) melt.

13, Xinjiang (oasis) is the most important agricultural production base, where the summer (high temperature), (light) enough, (day and night temperature difference), suitable for a variety of crops. People use the ancient water diversion project (Kanye Well), the development of distinctive (irrigated) agriculture. （Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here. Based on the unique light and heat conditions, (cotton, sugar beet and many kinds of melons and fruits) have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang oasis.

14. In the desert-ridden Tarim Basin, (oil and gas) resources are abundant, with natural gas accounting for (22)% of the country's total land-based natural gas resources. With the gradual implementation of the country's energy strategy of "stabilizing (the) east and vigorously developing (the) west", Xinjiang is expected to become an important (oil and gas) industrial base in China.

15. The implementation of the West-East Natural Gas Pipeline Project will promote the use of natural gas and other clean energy sources in the cities and villages around the Tarim Basin, and alleviate the pressure on the environment caused by the cutting of firewood in the neighboring areas. It will lead to the development of the local economy.

Chapter 7: Provincial Regions

1. The Pearl River Delta is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, on the lower reaches of the Pearl River, neighboring Hong Kong and Macao, and separated from Southeast Asia by the sea, and is known as China's "Southern Gate".

2. The special economic zones in the Pearl River Delta are Shenzhen and Zhuhai, and the open coastal city is Guangzhou.

3, the Pearl River Delta and Xishuangbanna are both hot and rainy tropical monsoon climate, but the direction of the summer wind is different.

4. Products from the Pearl River Delta are exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas and Oceania through Hong Kong and Macao, and by the end of the 20th century, it had become the world's largest export base for electronic products and consumer goods.

5. The Pearl River Delta is an externally-oriented economy, and the basic mode of cooperation with Hong Kong and Macao is "front store and back factory".

6. In recent years, the hotspot for foreign investment has shifted from the Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze River Delta.

7. The development of the processing industry in the Pearl River Delta has promoted the development of the service industry, absorbed a large number of foreign

labourers and accelerated the pace of urbanization.

8. The current level of urbanization in China is less than 40%, which is a certain distance from 70% in developed countries.

9. Xishuangbanna is located in the southern part of the Hengduan Mountain Range in Yunnan Province, neighboring Myanmar and Laos to the south, with the Lancang River flowing through it.

10. Xishuangbanna is the best-preserved tropical rainforest in China, except for Hainan Province, with many types of rainforest vegetation and hierarchical levels.

11, Xishuangbanna main minority is the Dai, live in bamboo buildings, eat bamboo rice, over the Songkran Festival, jumping peacock dance.

12. Xishuangbanna has long been dominated by agricultural production, but now tourism has become a leading industry.

Chapter 8 Interprovincial Regions

1. The Loess Plateau is the world's largest distribution of loess, the formation of the Loess Plateau is generally recognized as the wind into said.

2. The Loess Plateau extends from the Taihang Mountains in the east to the Ussuri Mountains in the west, and from the Qinling Mountains in the south to the Great Wall in the north. Loess Plateau basic geomorphological landscape of the Loess Plateau, Loess Liang, Loess Northwest three.

3, Loess Plateau ground broken, the density of the valley, flat land, more slopes, the valley sides are common upright cliffs.

4, Loess Plateau loess structure, more gaps, vertical fissures, many substances easily soluble in water.

5. The Loess Plateau has a temperate monsoon climate, with precipitation concentrated in July and August, and heavy rainfall.

6, the Loess Plateau ground bare bare, lack of vegetation protection, due to people's unreasonable reclamation, mining, road construction activities, so that the surface vegetation has been destroyed, soil erosion is serious.

7. Generally speaking, the greater the slope of the ground, the longer the slope, the more precipitation, the greater the intensity of precipitation, the less vegetation on the ground, the more serious soil erosion.

8, Loess Plateau soil erosion away from the surface of the fertile soil, so that crop yields; so that the gully more, expand, deepen, resulting in arable land area reduction; also to the Yellow River to convey a large amount of sediment, to the river training and flood control caused great difficulties.

9, China's most serious soil erosion areas are the Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Yunnan-Gui Plateau.

10, Loess Plateau terrain, broken, arid climate, serious soil erosion, more natural disasters.

11. The main natural disasters on the Loess Plateau are floods, which also cause mudslides, landslides and subsidence.

12. The management of the Loess Plateau is based on a combination of biological and engineering measures; the rationalization of production activities; and the strict control of population growth and the resolution of conflicts between mankind and the land are also fundamental management measures.

The leading industry in the Loess Plateau is the energy industry.

13. The Yangtze River is a long, narrow, east-west "belt" stretching from Panzhihua in the west to Shanghai in the east.

14, along the Yangtze River, the terrain is low and flat, the terrain to the plains, low hills as the main; climate belongs to the subtropical monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy; by the topography, climate, the river network is densely populated, there are many lakes, is China's surface water resources in the richest areas. Along the Yangtze River, there is also a wealth of hydroelectric energy, forests, minerals, aquatic products, arable land resources, rich resources.

15, the Yangtze River along the communication between the coastal economically developed areas and western resource-rich areas, is the link between the east and the west.

16. The Yangtze River is the lifeline for the establishment and development of coastal cities. Among them, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing, four mega-cities, is the regional economic, cultural and transportation center, the regional economic development plays a strong role in radiation and drive.

17, Shanghai is the country's largest city, is the country's largest commercial center, industrial center, the largest port, an important financial, scientific and educational centers, the Yangtze River Delta, the Yangtze River along the river and even the country's economic development to play a leading role.

18, along the Yangtze River is China's highly developed comprehensive industrial zone. From west to east formed to Panzhihua, Liupanshui as the center of the iron and steel, coal industry base; Yichang, Chongqing as the center of the power, metallurgical industry base; Wuhan as the center of the iron and steel, textile industry as an important base; Shanghai, Ningxia, Hangzhou and other cities in China's largest integrated industrial base.

19, China's Yangtze River along the Yangtze River, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan and Chongqing automobile and motorcycle bases, constituting a corridor of automobile industry along the river.

20, in recent years, due to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, deforestation, reclamation of steep slopes, resulting in the reduction of forest area, soil erosion is serious, is the decline in soil fertility, and silt river, reservoirs, lakes, exacerbating flooding in the downstream areas.

21, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is the Yangtze River Basin flooding is the most concentrated, most serious, the most frequent areas.

22, acid rain makes a kind of atmospheric pollution phenomenon, PH value of less than 5.6 precipitation becomes acid rain, acid rain on soil and water, plants, buildings cause corrosive hazards. China's main acid rain areas are Southwest, Central China, East China acid rain area, in which Central China is the most serious acid rain pollution.

23, China's basic national conditions are vast, regional differences; large population, low per capita GDP.

24. The Three North Protective Forest, which spans northwestern China, northern China and northeastern China, is the world's largest ecological protective forest.

25. The main problems faced by mankind are population, resources and environment