What about the traditional villages in Beijing?

When it comes to quadrangles in Beijing, people will think of hundreds of millions of luxury houses. But there is a place in Beijing where there are old quadrangles everywhere, and they have neither bought nor lived. There is Yangjiayu Village, a thousand-year-old village in Zhaitang Town, Mentougou, Beijing.

From the map, we can know that the terrain of Beijing is high in the west and low in the east, high in the north and low in the south. Yanshan Mountain, Du Jun Mountain and Xishan Mountain closely guard the ancient city from the north and west respectively. Yangjiayu village is located in the peak of Dahanling Group of Xishan System.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, there was a related record about Dahan Mausoleum in Shuntian Fuzhi: "Dahan Mausoleum is 140 miles west of the city and hundreds of feet high." It is also mentioned in the Miscellaneous Notes of Wanbu written by Shen Bang in the Ming Dynasty: "Dahanling is more than 200 miles west of the county, bounded by Qingshui Cave."

According to legend, during the Han Dynasty, some tribes of the Eastern Xiongnu once went deep into the Zhaitang area in the western suburbs of Beijing to live and multiply, and the Han Dynasty was bounded by the Dahan Mausoleum. The Jingxi Ancient Road runs through the Great Cold Ridge, which is a strategic artery leading to Beijing from Hebei, Shanxi and Mongolian grasslands.

Especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial court made Beijing its capital. In order to ensure the safety of Beijing, the feudal dynasty set up checkpoints at various passes of Dahan Mausoleum to take strict precautions. The most famous is the Great Cold Ridge Guancheng.

In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, in order to prevent the Japanese army from invading Hebei, Shanxi and Suiyuan through the ancient road of Jingxi, China's army, led by patriotic general Wei, fought fiercely with the Japanese army near Huiji Mountain for more than half a month, which was called Huiji Campaign in history. It can be seen that the geographical location of Dahanling is important.

Yangjiayu Village is located at the northwest foot of Dahanling, 86 kilometers away from Beijing. To say that the location of Yangjiayu Village is really surrounded by mountains, but it is a paradise in the barren hills.

The first is its geographical location.

Yangjiayu Village is located among the peaks of the Western Hills, surrounded by mountains. The east of the village is the main peak of the Great Cold Mountain, and the north of the village is the famous Huiji Mountain. This Kuaiji Mountain is called "the ancestor of Xishan Mountain" in Wanbu Miscellanies, which shows the grandeur of this mountain.

There is also a jade seal peak under Yangjiayu village. Many mountains surround Yangjiayu village like mother's arms, so Yangjiayu village survived the Millennium war. The ancient buildings in the village are well protected.

Second, local resources.

In the inherent impression, mountain villages all feel closed, conservative and outdated. However, Yangjiayu Village is indeed rich in products and outstanding people.

1, which is rich in products.

Yangjiayu village was famous for its red apricots in ancient times. Thanks to the special local soil and water climate, the red apricots produced in Yangjiayu Village are delicious and sell well in Beijing and Tianjin. In its heyday, the village * * * had 300 acres of apricot trees, producing 65438+ 10,000 Jin of apricots every year.

In the fruit shop in Dashilan, Qianmen, the dried red apricots produced in Yangjiayu Village were the most expensive. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the red apricot in Yangjiayu village had been selected as a local tribute, which could be settled in the imperial city for the royal family and dignitaries to taste.

There is a local folk song about the products of villages around Beijing, in which "Big Red Apricot in Yangjiayu" ranks alongside cucumbers and onions in Zhangjiacun, sweet pumpkins in Yang Jiacun and pears in Lishutai. It can be seen how excellent the quality of local red apricots is.

Two Gu Song trees were planted in the village, one of which was also rated as a national first-class ancient tree. Because of its long history, the villagers called these two Gu Song dragons and phoenixes Gu Song, and even evolved the legend of "the dragon and pine are miraculous". In Yangjiayu Village Temple, there is also a statue of a tree king.

Although the village area of Yangjiayu Village is only 1.2 million square meters and the cultivated land area is only 565 mu, the grain yield per mu of local land is surprisingly high. Famine rarely occurs in Yangjiayu village in history, so it is not an exaggeration to call it a paradise in the mountains.

2, its outstanding people.

Yangjiayu, as its name implies, should be the place where the Yangjia people gathered in their early years. That's true. The origin of Yangjiayu village can be traced back to Liao country 1 100 years ago.

Although the Liao Empire was founded by ethnic minorities, after occupying sixteen states of Youyun, it took Beijing as its capital and regarded Beijing as an important cultural and economic center. At that time, the Beijing area was developed by Liao, and the prototype of Yangjiayu Village was also formed at this time.

According to "Miscellaneous Notes of Wanbu" written by Shen Bang, the magistrate of Wanping County in Ming Dynasty, three brothers from Sang Yu Village happened to come here to settle in the land reclamation and became "Dahanling Village" in Yuan Dynasty. Three brothers Yang Guoliang have also become "big young people" in the local population.

In the early years of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, three brothers, Yang Ruhui, Yang Rudai and Yang Ruyu, came here again to settle down and became "small poplars". Two groups of descendants of Yangjiayu Village live in the local area, which completely established the name and pattern of Yangjiayu Village here.

The poor and simple life in the mountains has nurtured generations of simple and kind Yangjiayu people. Throughout the dynasties, there were people with noble moral character and loyal service to the country.

During the Qing Dynasty, Wanping around Beijing often suffered from natural disasters, either floods or droughts, so that refugees often went hungry in villages and towns around Beijing.

Yang Maofa, an official from Yangjiayu Village, has opened warehouses for relief to the victims many times, which has properly stabilized the situation in Gyeonggi. Yang Maofa's behavior was affirmed and rewarded by the imperial court, and the Qing emperor personally wrote a plaque of Dunlun Hall for Yang Maofa to praise the noble morality of his family.

Yang's father and I have successively invested in repairing the Guanyin Bodhisattva Temple near Guancheng in Dahanling, and made many contributions to the protection of local cultural relics.

In modern times, Yangjiayu village has also produced outstanding people and trained many people with lofty ideals who love the country and the party.

In the Huiji Campaign in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, because the battlefield was next to Yangjiayu Village, local villagers often provided materials and treatment for the China army. 1938, yangjiayu village also set up a party branch to organize the masses to provide food, grass, military supplies and convenient transportation for the eighth route army.

Because Yangjiayu Village is located in the deep mountains, it is easy to hide and close to the traffic line of Jingxi Ancient Road. The Eighth Route Army often regards Yangjiayu Village as a "safe house" for the party and government organs and the main forces to rush to repair and transfer.

From the Party branch of this small mountain village, two outstanding cadres who accompanied the leaders and worked in New China emerged. They are Yang Xingzhou and Yang Xingmin.

Yang Xingzhou is an old party member who joined the Party on 1938. Before liberation, he followed the troops to the north and south, and finally served as secretary of the municipal party Committee in Tingtan City, Hunan Province. 1965, as a representative of local officials, Yang Xingzhou followed Chairman Mao to visit relatives in Shaoshan.

Yang Xingmin and Yang Xingzhou are relatives of the same family. Also 1938 joined the party and served as the director of Beidaihe Public Security Bureau for a long time after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Beidaihe is the summer resort of our party leaders, and Yang Xingmin silently guarded the safety of Chairman Mao and Premier Zhou for ten consecutive years.

To sum up, Yangjiayu Village is a thousand-year-old village with beautiful mountains, water and people.

Thanks to the relatively closed environment of the village, this thousand-year-old mountain village can finally avoid the devastation of war. Yangjiayu village was destroyed and plundered twice by Wang puppet regime and Japanese invaders during the Anti-Japanese War, but the loss was not great and harmless.

Therefore, Yangjiayu Village has become one of the best preserved ancient villages and ancient buildings in western Beijing. In Yangjiayu Village, people can fully appreciate the architectural style of China in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is of great academic and tourism value and is a fine product of the original ecological ancient mountain village.

At present, there are more than 20 well-preserved ancient residential courtyards in Yangjiayu Village, and the quadrangles in the village cover the years from the Yuan Dynasty to the founding of the People's Republic of China. Don't think that quadrangles are unique to Beijing in the Qing Dynasty. As early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were relatively mature quadrangle residential buildings.

For example, the courtyard house of "Dayang" mentioned above is a typical courtyard house design in Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, quadrangles were all low doors with ancient bricks, and there was no south room, so many tall buildings were built in the west. The walls of the courtyard are decorated with four-petal patterns made of ceramic tiles, especially like copper coins.

This actually shows the social status of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty. Because of their low status in the Yuan Dynasty, Han people seldom went into politics, so they put a lot of energy into literary creation and business.

Another example is the quadrangle architecture in Ming and Qing Dynasties represented by the "Yang Xiaoyang" quadrangle. During this period, quadrangles were still revered in the north, with the main room facing south, but there were south rooms, that is, "inverted rooms". Because Yangjiayu village reached a prosperous state in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were the most quadrangles in the village in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Among these quadrangles built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the courtyard of Yang Mao Legalist School is the most luxurious. Because it is a family of grandfather's uncle Yang, it has been an official in the Qing court for generations, so it can be called the "official family" of Yangjiayu Village.

There are not only screen walls, horse nails and stones outside the courtyard door, but also a splayed screen wall inside the door. There is a study room on the east side of the quadrangle and a servant room on the east side of the gate. The whole courtyard is a typical representative of the official residence of the Qing Dynasty, which is of great ornamental value.

Except for the above characteristic courtyards, the rest are the houses of ordinary villagers. Most of these ancient houses are not restricted by the rules of quadrangles, and are often built according to the terrain. Overlooking the shape is "strange", but it is better than using local materials and has an antique feeling.

The temple can be said to be the gate of this village because it is close to the road connecting each village. Many immortals have been enshrined in this temple, and now there are portraits of the Dragon King, the Tree King and the Insect King.

In ancient times, because some villagers had seen "Nine Days Xuan Nv" near Dahanling, they called that mountain "goddess peak", and the temples in the village also dedicated "Nine Days Xuan Nv". However, with the prevalence of Taoism in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, temples were changed to Taoism "Sanqing".

In the Qing Dynasty, Yellow Religion began to rise, and the villagers moved out of the "Sanqing" to worship three kings in the temple, namely the Dragon King, the Insect King and the Tree King. Worship the Dragon King for good weather, the Insect King for driving away insects, and the Tree King, who is deified by two Gu Song plants in the village, and wish everything well.

In addition to temples, there are also stages and chastity archways in the village, which also have certain tourism value. In ancient times, inviting troupes into the village to sing operas, and spontaneous singing by villagers were the main local recreational activities. The stage can be said to be the center of local entertainment life.

This chastity archway has a long history and was inscribed by President Feng in the early years of the Republic of China. Patriot lost his father in his early years, and Yang's mother raised him alone. As an adult, Yang Wenbo took an active part in Dr. Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolution, which was well known.

The local squire admired the virtue and integrity of Yang's mother, Li, and jointly asked Feng's then "great president" to write a chastity memorial arch Li in recognition of her contribution. Feng, a northern warlord, was deeply touched by this, so he wrote a plaque for Yang Mu in the seventh year of the Republic of China, entitled "Li Jie Song Yun".

This feudal archway is, of course, feudal dross, a symbol of women's bondage. However, the artistic composition of this archway and the tenacity of Yang Mu in the background story are still worth studying by later generations.

In addition to these ancient buildings, Yangjiayu Village has well-preserved examples of good news in rural areas. In ancient times, in order to promote righteousness and praise virtue, the central government would post "good news" in the hometown of the commended figures, so that the parties could "return home with their clothes on".

At present, Yangjiayu Village still retains the good news that Yang Chengkuan, the great-grandson of Yang Maofa, was promoted during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. These good news and ancient buildings all over the village clearly and in detail show us the life style of northern mountain villages during the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Republic of China.

The so-called "success is Xiao He, failure is me". Although the continuous mountains have sheltered Yangjiayu Village from thousands of years of wind and rain, rich products and antiquities and monuments have been handed down. However, in the new era, the barrier of mountains has become the shackles that limit the development of Yangjiayu Village.

Inconvenient transportation has always been the shackles of the development of the old mountain village. Even if Yangjiayu Village has a famous red apricot with beautiful scenery, the baby can't be shipped out and outsiders can't get in.

Countless treasures can only wait quietly in the mountains.

The villagers in Yangjiayu can only sit on Jinshan and endure the days of poverty. In order to survive, the villagers moved from house to house. Population loss and strong labor force will in turn aggravate poverty in mountain villages and form a vicious circle.

Fortunately, after 1978, the national strength of New China gradually recovered and the engineering technology improved year by year. This finally built the first carriage road to the village for the villagers in Yangjiayu. This carriage road has undoubtedly put the development of Yangjiayu Village on the fast track.

Thanks to the economic policies and regional resources of reform and opening-up, Yangjiayu Village opened the village coal kiln and Yangjiayu red apricot base in 1984 and199/kloc-0 respectively, which earned a lot of economic benefits for the village.

After 20 years of reform and opening up, the capital has become the development center of the north. Beijing is becoming more and more attractive to people in the surrounding areas. Even though the villagers in Yangjiayu Village live a rich life because of coal mines and apricot bases, it is still difficult to resist the strong attraction of the national heart.

Seeing that there are few people in the village, the lively quadrangles in the past are gradually abandoned. At the worst, there are only 20 old people living in the village. Old people all know that even dilapidated earthen houses are likely to stand as long as people live and take care of them. But if the new house is vacant for a long time, it will gradually fall into disrepair.

With the continuous loss of population in Yangjiayu village, more and more ancient buildings with a history of thousands of years have been destroyed because they have not been repaired, which will be a huge loss of historical protection and cultural property. Therefore, we must reverse this unfavorable situation as soon as possible.

If we want Yangjiayu village to regain its glory, we can only call the relocated people back or introduce commercial organizations to repair it. Yangjiayu Village is located in the capital area, and it is simply unrealistic to "grab people" with Beijing. Only by introducing commercial capital to develop new industries can we protect this thousand-year-old village.

After entering the new century, the state gradually encourages all localities to develop cultural industries. With this east wind, the Mentougou District Government has vigorously promoted the transformation of Yangjiayu Village into a tourist cultural and sightseeing spot.

In September 2005, Mentougou District Government announced that Yangjiayu Village would be designated as a district-level cultural relics protection unit. In the same year, Zhaitang Town Government reached an agreement with Zhongkun Group to develop the "Yangjiayu Ancient Village" tourism project.

In the development plan of the ancient village, the local government and Zhongkun Group will make cash compensation, or set up compensation houses in Zhaitang Town to remove the original residents. Zhongkun Group also sent construction teams to repair old buildings and roads, which provided convenience for sightseeing groups and passengers.

Although the quadrangles in Yangjiayu Village are uninhabited, the village has been reborn in a different way. Now, taking a bus from Yangjiayu Village and walking to Daguanling Guancheng and Pilu Temple ruins has become a popular route for "donkey friends" to plan their trip to the west of Beijing.

The "reborn" of Yangjiayu Village has undoubtedly provided a new way for the healthy development of many ancient villages with a long history but limited development in China. Looking forward to the emergence of more "Yangjiayu Village", let people appreciate the long history and magnificent scenery of the motherland!

References:

Yangjiayu Village People's Government Network, Mentougou District, Beijing

Ancient road west wind and great cold ridge, 2003, science and technology tide, 05.

Yangjiayu, a Millennium Ancient Village, was published by Zhang Wanshun in 2006.