Some scholars say that tolerance and openness are typical characteristics of Sui and Tang culture. Can you explain it with historical facts?

China in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was the strongest and largest country in the world at that time. The vast territory of the Tang Dynasty, coupled with centralization, provided favorable conditions for the inclusive and open development of China's economy and culture.

The open policy implemented in the Sui and Tang Dynasties absorbed a lot of beneficial culture from other places and spread the prosperous traditional culture of China to all parts of the world, which is an important part of inclusive open culture:

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the traditional Confucian culture in China was sorted out, and the Taoist culture was developed with the support of the government. Buddhism introduced from India is deeply influenced by the traditional culture and customs of China and China. The development of Buddhism reached its peak in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the level of Buddhism surpassed that of India, which made China replace India as the center of Buddhism in the world. The cultural policy was relatively loose, and there were few bans on literature, which made the progress of science and technology and astronomical calendar at that time very prominent. Literature and art are prosperous and colorful, and great achievements have been made in poetry, ci, prose, legendary novels, essays, music, dance, calligraphy, painting and sculpture, which have influenced future generations and countries all over the world.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's contact with the world was further strengthened, and Chang 'an became an international metropolis at that time and the center of economic and cultural exchanges among Asian countries and even the world. In Chang 'an, there are envoys and businessmen from various countries, and there are shops opened by conference semifinals. China has close ties with the Middle East, Indian, Japanese and Nanyang Islands. Businessmen and envoys keep coming and going. Merchant ships loaded with goods set sail in the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, camels and horses of the brigade galloped along the ancient Silk Road, China's silk, porcelain, papermaking and printing spread to the west, and the cultures of India and Central Asia also had a far-reaching impact on the cultural development of China, such as clothing, customs, diet, language, art, science, calendar, mathematics, medicine, and various religions and products were introduced to China one after another, and they dared to merge.

The foreign policy of Sui and Tang Dynasties is also the proof of its inclusive and open culture.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, China had extensive and close political, economic and cultural ties with many Asian and African countries, which not only broadened the horizons of China people, but also enriched the economic and cultural life of China people.

In the Tang dynasty, there was a crack temple to receive the guests of diplomatic envoys from various countries, and kiosks were set up in various places to entertain foreign businessmen, and mutual market supervisors and trading companies were set up to take charge of foreign trade. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou, Guangzhou, Lanzhou, Liangzhou and Dunhuang are important foreign trade cities in the Tang Dynasty. Chang 'an is particularly famous, and guests gather all over the world. Many foreign businessmen run shops in the "West Market" and live there for a long time. Imperial academy accepted many foreign students, and as many as 4,000 to 5,000 "conference semifinals" stayed in Chang 'an. The Tang Dynasty is the second climax of economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries after the Western Han Dynasty.

In order to meet the needs of international communication, the foreign traffic in the Tang Dynasty was quite developed. The land is centered on Chang 'an, and the north road passes through Mongolia to the Yenisei River and the upper reaches of ob river, and the west reaches the Irtysh River basin. The west road passes through the Hexi Corridor, exits Dunhuang and Yumenguan to the west, and reaches Xinjiang. There are three roads leading to Central Asia, West Asia and South Asia. This is the famous "Silk Road". Southwest road passes through Xichuan to Tubo, reaches Nepal and India, or passes through Nanzhao and Myanmar to India. East to Hebei and Liaodong, to the Korean peninsula. In terms of maritime transportation, there are three roads leading to Japan. One started from Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province), crossed the Bohai Sea along the east coast of Liaodong Peninsula and the west coast of Korean Peninsula, and arrived in Japan. Second, from Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) to the north along the Shandong Peninsula, to the east across the Yellow Sea, and to Japan via the Korean Peninsula. The third is to go to sea from Yangzhou or Mingzhou, cross the East China Sea and sail straight to Japan. The sea route to South Asia, from Guangzhou through the coast of Vietnam, through the Malacca Strait at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, to Sumatra, and then to Java, Sri Lanka and India in Indonesia. The sea route to West Asia mainly starts from Guangzhou, passes through Southeast Asia, crosses the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea and reaches the Persian Gulf coast. The Tang Dynasty also initially opened up maritime traffic to Egypt and East Africa.