An Overview of the Basic Contents of Ancient Chinese 400

The basic contents of ancient Chinese are: writing, vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.

1, text. The form of Chinese characters has gone through a long evolution from Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, which had a writing system, to the regular script now in use. In order to describe the general appearance of Chinese characters in different historical periods, people divide the evolution of Chinese characters into six stages. These six stages and their representative fonts are: Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions in Zhou Dynasty, bamboo slips and silks in Warring States, seal script in Qin Dynasty, official script in Han Dynasty and regular script in Wei and Jin Dynasties (including running script and modern grass). Among them, with the Qin and Han Dynasties as the boundary, the fonts before and before Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty were unified as ancient Chinese characters, and the fonts after Li Shu in Han Dynasty were collectively called modern Chinese characters. The transitional font between ancient Chinese characters and modern Chinese characters is the ancient Chinese character Li (also known as Li), which was popular in Qin and Han Dynasties.

2. vocabulary. In ancient Chinese, monosyllabic words were dominant, especially in pre-Qin classical Chinese, with few disyllabic words. Even words that are often used together can be explained separately. Vocabulary is the most active element in language, and the change of meaning is more meaningful than the change of word form. Strictly speaking, the concept of "ancient and modern meaning" should refer to the meaning of different historical periods-from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty, which can be called today; From pre-Qin and Han dynasties to Tang dynasty, the Tang dynasty can be called today; From ancient Han and Tang dynasties to Qing dynasty, Qing dynasty is relative to today; The great generation also makes the past serve the present and the present serve the present. The meanings of words have developed in different times, so they all need to be distinguished. However, the "ancient and modern meaning" mentioned in the "General Basic Course of Ancient Chinese" is a concrete concept. This concept is more general, which refers to the relationship between the meaning of classical Chinese and the meaning of modern Chinese. In other words, the meaning of ancient literature is viewed as a whole, regardless of its internal small stages. It is a concept in the ancient Chinese teaching system, not a special and strict concept of vocabulary history. Therefore, the definition of "the meaning of ancient and modern times" is determined because Chinese is out of touch for quite a period of time, and later classical Chinese generally imitates the language of pre-Qin documents. There are natural differences, but the common ground of man-made is remarkable. For the general reading of classical Chinese, the whole period of classical Chinese can be regarded as a big stage, and the internal small stage differences can be ignored.

3. grammar. Ancient Chinese, like modern Chinese, generally fixed a word belonging to a certain part of speech, and all kinds of words had a certain division of labor in sentences. For example, nouns are often used as subject, object and attribute, verbs are often used as predicate, adjectives are often used as attribute, adverbial and predicate, and numerals are often used as attribute. However, in ancient Chinese, some words can be used flexibly according to certain language habits under certain conditions, and yesterday they had the grammatical function of another kind of words. This kind of temporary flexible words is called flexible parts of speech.

4. sound. Like other elements of a language, pronunciation is always changing. However, this change is slow and can only be perceived if it is accumulated to a certain extent.