War mobilization of high-tech local wars

War mobilization is a measure for a country or political group to mobilize manpower, material resources and financial resources to serve the war from peacetime to wartime. Referred to as mobilization, some are also called national defense mobilization. War mobilization usually includes mobilization of armed forces, national economy, science and technology, civil air defense and political mobilization. Mobilization of armed forces is to change the military and other armed organizations from peacetime system to wartime system, quickly replenish troops and weapons and equipment, and expand the army. National economic mobilization

It is to transfer the peacetime economy to the wartime track, fully mobilize the country's economic strength, and ensure the material needs of war. Mobilization of science and technology is the scientific and technological research and development needed by the state to organize scientific and technological departments and personnel to engage in war, and to develop new weapons and equipment. Civil air defense mobilization is to mobilize the masses to take various measures to prevent enemy air strikes and protect residents, economic facilities and other important goals. Political mobilization means that the state educates and encourages all soldiers and civilians in patriotism, mobilizes them to join the army and participate in the war, supports the front line, and strives for sympathy and support from friendly countries. War mobilization can be divided into general mobilization and local mobilization according to scale. General mobilization is a comprehensive mobilization throughout the country; Local mobilization is the mobilization in some areas or departments. According to the way, it can be divided into public mobilization and secret mobilization. Public mobilization is the mobilization of publicly issuing mobilization orders and declaring the state of war; Secret mobilization is a covert mobilization under the cover of various camouflage measures. According to the war process, it can be divided into initial mobilization and continuous mobilization. The mobilization at the beginning of the war was carried out in a short time before and after the outbreak of the war; Continuous mobilization is the middle and late mobilization after the mobilization in the early stage of the war. Some countries call mobilization before the war or when they are suddenly attacked by the enemy emergency mobilization. The whole process of mobilization can be divided into peacetime mobilization preparation and wartime mobilization implementation.

The power to decide on the implementation of mobilization belongs to the highest organ of state power, and mobilization orders are usually issued by heads of state or government.

Second, the status and role of war mobilization

War mobilization is a strategic issue, which directly affects the process and result of war and relates to national security. Mobilization is indispensable in ancient wars, modern wars, total wars, local wars, conventional wars and unconventional wars.

Modern war is a three-dimensional war, with huge consumption of manpower, material resources and financial resources. It is not only a contest of military strength, but also a contest of the comprehensive national strength of the warring parties. War mobilization has an important strategic position.

① Mobilization is an important basis for determining strategic objectives. To determine the strategic purpose, we must consider the mobilization ability of the country. Therefore, it is particularly important to strengthen peacetime mobilization preparation, develop and accumulate war potential and enhance war strength; It is particularly necessary for the leading organs of the state and the army to understand and master the mobilization ability.

② Mobilization is the fundamental measure for the country to quickly realize the transformation from peacetime to wartime. Mobilization can quickly turn the army into a wartime system, implement strategic deployment, quickly turn the country's politics, economy, science and technology, culture and other fields into wartime tracks, transform war potential into war strength, and concentrate manpower, material resources and financial resources on war.

(3) Mobilization is the main means to guarantee military and civilian materials in wartime. Mobilization can redistribute and rationally use manpower, material resources and financial resources, and make overall arrangements for military and civilian materials, which not only gives priority to meeting military needs, but also basically guarantees people's daily necessities, with the focus on ensuring the troops needed by the army and the labor and raw materials needed to expand military production.

Third, the development history of war mobilization

Mobilization is the product of war and develops with the development of war. In ancient times, although there was no concept of "mobilization", before and after the war broke out, there were activities such as issuing vows or battles, recruiting soldiers, requisitioning chariots and horses, raising food and grass, and expanding the army. This is ancient war mobilization.

The word "mobilization" first appeared in France at the end of 18. The French bourgeois revolution from 65438 to 0789 aroused the fear and resistance of hostile forces at home and abroad, and European monarchies formed an alliance to intervene in the French Revolution. In order to defend the revolutionary achievements of the French bourgeoisie, the National Assembly promulgated the National General Mobilization Law on August 23rd 1793, declaring that "from now on until all enemies are expelled from the territory of the Republic of China, all French people will be in a state of conscription forever". After the general mobilization order was issued, an army of 420,000 people was formed in a short time, and a large number of weapons and equipment were mobilized and produced, which effectively guaranteed the war. This general mobilization in France clearly put forward the concept of "mobilization" and formulated the mobilization law, which enriched the mobilization content and promoted the development of the mobilization cause, and was a model in the history of modern war mobilization.

During the First World War, due to the unprecedented expansion of the scale of the war, tanks, submarines, planes, anti-aircraft guns, gas bombs and other new weapons and equipment were used in the war. The war lasted for a long time, which led to a sharp increase in material consumption. Pre-war reserves could not meet the needs of the war, so the main participating countries had to mobilize and expand their mobilization scope to the economic field, bring the entire national economy into the wartime track, and vigorously develop military production. For example, the proportion of German military production in industrial production rose from 35% in 19 15 to 75% in 19 17. Compared with France 19 18, the number of workers in the military sector increased by 33 times, the monthly output of aircraft increased by 28 times, the daily output of wild guns increased by 16.4 times, and the daily output of heavy guns increased by 103 times. Many participating countries also mobilized railway, shipbuilding, shipping, communications, science and technology departments to serve the war. During the whole war, the warring parties mobilized more than 70 million troops; The main participating countries produced more than 1.8 million aircraft, 1.5 million guns and 9,200 tanks. The war mobilization of the First World War is a modern war mobilization, and it is an all-round war mobilization. Its mobilization scale, scope, content and time have reached an unprecedented level.

In the Second World War, because more countries and armies participated in the war than in the First World War, the space was large and the time was long, and advanced weapons such as rockets, ballistic rockets and cruise missiles were used. In the last stage of the war, the atomic bomb was used, and the mobilization work made new progress, and the mobilization in military, political, economic, cultural and educational, scientific and technological, diplomatic and other fields reached a new level.

In order to launch a war of aggression, German fascists secretly prepared for mobilization before the war. 1934, the army increased from 1000 to 300,000, and the navy expanded by 1 times. By the time/kloc-0 suddenly attacked Poland in September, 939, the total strength had grown to 170000, and by 194 1, it had grown to 7.2 million. In the whole war, * * * mobilized170,000 troops, accounting for 22% of the total population; Production of aircraft 1 19200, tanks 66800, artillery 695000, and a large number of light weapons and ammunition; The proportion of its military expenditure in national income rose from 30.6% in 1939 to 82% in 1943.

1941On June 22nd, the Soviet Union issued a mobilization order on the day when it was suddenly attacked by Germany. On June 30th, the National Defense Commission was established, which strengthened the war leadership and mobilization. From June 23rd to July 1, 5.3 million reserve soldiers were mobilized in nine days, and 650,000 reserve officers were recruited in one month. By June 1945 and 1, the total strength had increased from 1939 to 1.6 million.

At the beginning of the war, the Soviet Union also quickly reorganized and adjusted the structure and layout of the national economy. July 7- 10/October, 194 165438, * * will 1523 enterprises (including 1360 large enterprises) and a large number of important materials to the eastern region, and quickly194. 000 aircraft, 95,000 194 1 after the outbreak of the Pacific War in February, the United States began to carry out general mobilization, and its total strength increased from 334,000 in 1939 to12/23,000. During the war, * * * mobilized 6,543,804,000 troops, accounting for 654.38+00% of the total population; The labor force engaged in military production was 2.8 million in 1939 and increased to10.4 million in 1944; During the war, 1690 military factories were built and more than 970 were expanded. * * * produces 275,000 aircraft, 9.88 million tons of ships, 8 1.2 million tanks, 47,900 self-propelled guns and 623,000 guns. In order to launch a war of aggression, Japan mobilized nearly 6.5438+million troops during the Second World War, accounting for 654.38+00% of the total population. During the war, * * * produced 62,400 aircraft,/kloc-0.05 million tons of ships, 3,685 tanks and/kloc-0.95 million guns. The war mobilization in World War II greatly enriched the practice and theory of mobilization.

After the Second World War, many countries paid more attention to war mobilization and conducted in-depth research and demonstration in theory. In practice, we will constantly improve the mobilization mechanism and regulations, formulate mobilization principles and policies, and make good preparations for mobilization in various wars in accordance with the principle of combining the military with the people and combining peacetime with wartime.

In China's successive revolutionary wars, under the guidance of Mao Zedong's strategic thought of mobilizing, organizing and arming the masses and launching the people's war, China's * * * Production Party carried out the policy of mobilizing the whole party and the whole people, and successfully mobilized militarily, politically, economically and culturally, which played a great role in strengthening the people's army, developing the people's armed forces and winning the revolutionary war, and had a special position and significance in the history of war mobilization.

During the War of Liberation, under the leadership of China * * * Production Party, in order to liberate all of China and establish people's democratic political power, the scope and scale of mobilization were even larger. The liberated areas mobilized almost all available manpower, material resources and financial resources to support the war. In order to adapt to the new struggle situation, military leading organs and party and government departments at all levels have set up armed committees and front-line committees, which have strengthened their leadership over mobilization work. Through land reform and in-depth political mobilization, mobilize the broad masses of young people to actively join the army and participate in the war, and at the same time mobilize captured soldiers to voluntarily join the people's army; Mobilize the broad masses to join the militia and cooperate with the army in fighting. By the end of the war of liberation, the China People's Liberation Army had grown to 5.3 million and the militia to 5.5 million. Under the slogan of all for the front line, vigorously develop military production and organize military enterprises and civilian factories to produce weapons and equipment and various military materials; Organize the broad masses of cadres and people in the liberated areas to actively develop industrial and agricultural production and ensure the needs of the frontline for various materials; Mobilize the masses and private vehicles to support the front line. Such as Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin, mobilized 8.8 million former militiamen and migrant workers, 360,000 stretchers, 6.5438+0.39 million carts and 690 million Jin of grain, which effectively guaranteed the needs of military operations.

In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and the counterattack of border self-defense, People's Republic of China (PRC) carried out local mobilization of different scales. For example, during the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, extensive and in-depth publicity and education were carried out throughout the country to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea and protect the country and defend the country, which aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of the broad masses of soldiers and civilians, raised their awareness of internationalism, and set off an upsurge of actively supporting the army and actively joining the army. 2.07 million militiamen and youths participated in Chinese people's Volunteer Army. A large number of automobile drivers, railway workers, medical personnel and communication personnel were also mobilized to undertake war duties, including about 6,000 medical personnel, more than 2,600 railway workers (Beijing and Shanghai) and 557 1 person (northeast provinces). The whole country also launched a donation campaign, * * * donated 556.5 million yuan to buy 37 10 MiG-15 fighter planes; Mobilize certain sectors of the national economy to produce weapons and equipment, combat materials and supplies, thus ensuring the needs of war.

Four, the main characteristics of modern war mobilization

Modern warfare is a three-dimensional war, which is large in scale, wide in scope, sudden and destructive, especially the appearance and use of nuclear weapons, chemical weapons, biological weapons and high-tech weapons, making the war more cruel, causing casualties and huge material consumption. All these have had a far-reaching impact on the mobilization work and brought many new features, mainly:

① The mobilization scope is large and the field is wide. With the development of the scale of the war, the scope of mobilization has also expanded to military, political, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and educational, diplomatic and other fields. Whether it is industry or agriculture, manpower, material resources, financial resources, means of production or means of subsistence have become the targets of mobilization.

② There are many mobilization contents and a large number. For example, in World War I, 33 countries participated in the war, with a population of 65.438+0.5 billion, and mobilized more than 70 million people. The countries participating in World War II were 6 1, with a population of * * *1700 million and a total mobilization force of 1. 1 000 million. 1973 The fourth Middle East war broke out only for 18 days. The Arab and Israeli sides also mobilized a large number of people and materials for the war. Egypt and Syria mobilized 1 165438, using 3550 tanks and 165438+ aircraft. Israel mobilized 465,438+0.5 million troops and used 654.38+0.7 million tanks, 690 planes, 84 helicopters and 49 combat vessels. ③ The mobilization time is tight and the speed is fast. In order to seize the initiative in the war, the army is required to be quickly formed, expanded and expanded; Rapid transportation and supply of personnel and materials; The national economy quickly turned into the wartime track, the industrial structure was reorganized, and the military production expanded rapidly. In the fourth Middle East War, Israel recruited nearly 300,000 reservists within 48 hours, which was equivalent to three times the original strength. During the Gulf War, it usually took only 2-4 days for US troops to go to the Gulf War Zone.

(4) Mobilize more skilled soldiers. Due to the extensive use of advanced weapons and equipment in modern warfare, the number of technical arms has increased, which requires soldiers to have a high scientific and cultural level, professional knowledge and military literacy in order to quickly master advanced weapons and equipment.

(5) outstanding mobilization of science and technology. Many countries, especially some military powers, attach great importance to the development and research of emerging technologies, establish a complete military scientific research system, raise huge funds, and concentrate a large number of scientific researchers on the development of advanced weapons and equipment. For example, in World War II, the United States concentrated nearly 4,000 scientists and invested 2 billion dollars to develop atomic bombs. After the 1980s, its annual military scientific research expenditure accounted for more than 50% of the national scientific research expenditure.

⑥ Strong mobilization ability and adaptability. Many countries have stressed that it is necessary to make good preparations for various wars in peacetime and strengthen the ability of rapid response in wartime, which can adapt to both local wars and total wars. It can adapt to both conventional wars and nuclear wars; We can fight a quick decision or a protracted war.

⑦ Mobilization is well prepared. Many countries usually make careful mobilization plans, constantly improve laws and regulations, improve leading institutions, strengthen the construction of reserve forces, and vigorously develop comprehensive national strength to meet the needs of war.

First, how to mobilize the war.

War mobilization should be organized and implemented according to the mobilization order and mobilization plan issued by the state. The implementation process of mobilization is essentially a process of transforming war potential into war strength. Whether mobilization can be effectively and continuously implemented depends not only on a country's territory, population, resources, industrial and agricultural production, scientific and technological development level and other conditions, but also on the social system, the nature of war, national spirit and cultural tradition, and also on the ability to organize mobilization and the degree of mobilization preparation. Due to the different military, political and economic conditions of different countries in different periods, the scope, scale and methods of mobilization are also different, but the basic methods of mobilization are basically the same. The usual practice is:

(1) The State issues mobilization orders, declares a state of war, implements wartime control, establishes and improves wartime leadership and command institutions, implements various mobilization plans and measures.

(2) Use radio, television, newspapers, literature and other propaganda tools to educate all soldiers and civilians in patriotism, arouse patriotic enthusiasm, mobilize troops to participate in the war, work hard to produce, practise economy, make contributions to the victory of the war, and strive for sympathy and support from friendly countries.

(3) According to the wartime establishment, the active forces are fully staffed and the reserve forces are converted into active forces; Recruit reserve soldiers and officers, and form and expand new armies; Strengthen the pre-war training of militia and reserve personnel to ensure the supplementary expansion of the army.

(4) Quickly transfer all sectors of the national economy to the wartime track, redistribute manpower, material resources and financial resources, and make overall plans for military and civilian materials; Adjust the layout of economic construction and relocate important factories, enterprises and strategic materials; Change the industrial and product structure, implement industrial transformation, expand military production, and ensure the needs of war.

⑤ The transportation department quickly transformed into a wartime system, using transportation lines, facilities and means of transportation to ensure the transportation of military personnel, weapons and equipment, and combat materials, and completed the tasks before the evacuation of residents, the relocation of factories, and the transportation of other personnel and materials.

⑥ Organize scientific research departments and researchers in a unified way, make use of scientific research facilities and achievements, explore new fields of military scientific research, and accelerate the development of new weapons and equipment.

⑦ Evacuate urban residents as scheduled, improve alarm system and strengthen safety protection measures; Organize civil air defense professional teams to carry out emergency repair and protect important targets and traffic lines; Cooperate with the army's air defense operations to eliminate the consequences of air strikes.

Peacetime mobilization preparation is the basis of wartime mobilization. Preparing for mobilization at ordinary times and accumulating strong economic strength and reserve forces are not only of great significance for rapid mobilization and victory in war, but also can play a role in containing war and deterring the enemy. Many countries in the world attach great importance to mobilization preparations in peacetime. Although the focus of mobilization preparation is inconsistent with the principles and policies implemented, its basic approach is basically the same.

① Establish and improve the mobilization system. According to China's national conditions, we should generally establish and improve mobilization institutions and regulations, clarify mobilization rights and responsibilities, improve mobilization mechanisms, improve mobilization capabilities, and quickly transform war potential into war strength in wartime.

(2) Make a mobilization plan. According to the country's strategic deployment and comprehensive national strength, formulate a careful mobilization plan, mainly including mobilization tasks, procedures, time limit, scope and requirements, and measures taken to complete mobilization.

(3) The system of combining the standing army with the reserve forces shall be implemented. While reducing the number and improving the quality of the national standing army, we will vigorously strengthen the construction of reserve forces, improve the reserve system, and reserve a large number of well-trained reserve soldiers, with emphasis on technical personnel. Some countries have also set up reserve forces, and constantly improved their weapons and equipment and strengthened military training to enhance their combat effectiveness.

④ Strengthening the construction of civil air defense. Formulate and improve civil air defense laws and regulations and various air defense mobilization plans, including population and material evacuation plans, industrial relocation plans, important target protection plans and emergency repair plans. ; Strengthen the construction of air defense facilities and reserve necessary materials and air defense equipment; Educate people's air defense knowledge and improve people's air defense awareness; Establish a professional air defense team and conduct necessary air defense exercises and training.

⑤ Improve the national economic mobilization ability. According to the principle of combining the army with the people and combining peacetime and wartime, rationally distribute the productive forces and improve the economic viability in wartime; Combine civilian industry with military industry to reserve and expand wartime military production capacity; Reserve a certain amount of weapons and strategic materials to ensure the needs of military operations and military production in the early days of the war; Strengthen the construction of transportation network and communication guarantee system to meet the needs of personnel and material transportation and uninterrupted combat command in wartime.

⑥ Develop advanced military science and technology. Establish a scientific and technological mobilization foundation that combines peacetime and wartime, strengthen the construction of scientific research facilities, train and bring up a capable military scientific research team, and develop new weapons and equipment; Reserve talents, equipment, technology and technology with national defense scientific research capabilities to serve economic construction in peacetime and war in wartime.

⑦ Do a good job in resource investigation. In-depth investigation of manpower, industry, agriculture, science and technology and other resources and all the war potential that can be mobilized; Registration and statistics of construction machinery, communication equipment, medical instruments, emergency repair tools, aircraft, vehicles and ships, airports, ports, docks, etc., provide the basis for making mobilization plans in peacetime and lay the foundation for wartime mobilization.

(8) Strengthening national defense education. Through continuous education, improve the national defense concept of the whole people, stimulate patriotic enthusiasm, and make them actively support and participate in national defense construction; Educate young people to actively enlist in the army in peacetime, participate in militia and reserve training, and actively join the army to support the front line in wartime.

The rapid development of modern science and technology and its wide application in military affairs, the continuous evolution of the world economy, politics and military pattern, and the changes in war forms and combat methods have put forward higher requirements for war mobilization. Strengthening mobilization awareness and preparation to adapt mobilization to the needs of high-tech war has become a common concern. Many countries will further adhere to the policy of combining peacetime and wartime, vigorously develop their national economies, and enhance their comprehensive national strength, war potential and mobilization ability; Further improve the system of combining the standing army with the reserve force and improve the mobilization ability of the armed forces; Further cultivate and reserve scientific and technological talents, develop advanced weapons and equipment, and improve the ability of scientific and technological mobilization; Further strengthen the construction of mobilization leading institutions and regulations, improve mobilization means and improve mobilization organization and command ability; Further deepen the research on mobilization theory, sum up mobilization experience, explore the mobilization law of future wars, and improve mobilization efficiency.