Urgent for an English introduction about Norway

Kingdom of Norway (Norwegian: kongeriketenorge-bokm? l； Kongeriket Noreg-nynorsk is a Nordic country in the west of Scandinavia, located in Europe, bordering Sweden, Finland and Russia. Norway is very slender in shape; The country's long coastline along the North Atlantic is home to its famous fjords. The Kingdom of Norway also includes the Arctic islands Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Norway's sovereignty over Svalbard Islands is based on the Svalbard Treaty, but this does not apply to Jan Mayen. Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic and Peter I Island in the South Pacific are also external possessions, but they are not part of the kingdom. Norway also claims sovereignty over Queen Maud's land in Antarctica, where it has established the Troll permanent research station.

history

Main article: Norwegian history

Archaeological findings show that Norway was inhabited as early as 12000 years ago. They may come from further south, that is, northern Germany, and travel north along the Norwegian coastline.

In the 9th century, Norway was made up of many small kingdoms. According to tradition, harald Ferhale united these small kingdoms in the Battle of Hafez Fjord in 872. He became the first king of a unified Norway.

The Viking era (8 to 1 1 century) was an era of unity and expansion. The Norwegians established settlements in Iceland, Faroe Islands, Greenland and parts of Britain and Ireland, and tried to settle in Ansox meadows, Newfoundland, Canada (here is the legendary vineyard of Eric Red). The Norwegians established the modern Irish cities of limerick and Waterford, and established trading communities near Cork and Dublin, the Celtic settlements, which later became the two most important cities in Ireland. The spread of Christianity in Norway during this period was largely attributed to the missionary kings Olaf Tryggvason (995- 1000) and Saint Olaf (10 15- 1028). Although the good man Haakon was the first Christian king in Norway, the Norwegian tradition lasted for two centuries.

In 1349, the Black Death wiped out 40% to 50% of the Norwegian population, [1] leading to social and economic decline. In this decline, the Fairhare dynasty died in 1387. The royal politics at that time led to several personal alliances between Nordic countries. Finally, when Norway, Denmark and Sweden formed the Kalmar Alliance with Denmark and Sweden, the thrones of Norway, Denmark and Sweden were controlled by Queen Margaret. Sweden declared its independence in 1523, but Norway was still ruled by the Oldenberg dynasty for 434 years until 18 14. In The Romantic Period, a nation in the19th century, this period was called "400 Years Night" by some people, because all the royal family, knowledge and administrative power of this kingdom were concentrated in Copenhagen. However, it must be pointed out that ordinary people in Norway have more freedom and pay lower taxes than the Danish people, because it is difficult for the royal bureaucracy to strictly control its distant Norwegian provinces. Other factors also contributed to the decline of Norway during this period. With the introduction of Protestantism in 1537, the Archdiocese of Trondheim was dissolved and the income of the church was distributed to the court in Copenhagen, Denmark. Norway has lost a steady stream of pilgrims to the ruins of St. Olaf, the temple of Nidalos, and lost contact with the cultural and economic life of other parts of Europe. In addition, in the17th century, Norway's land area decreased and some provinces were lost. Due to the war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, n, Jemtland and Herjedalen went to Sweden.

After being attacked by Britain, Denmark-Norway formed an alliance with Napoleon, and in 18 14, it found itself on the losing side in the Napoleonic War, and in 18 12, it was in a miserable situation and in a large-scale famine. King oldenburg of Norway was forced to cede Norway to the King of Sweden. Norway took this opportunity to declare its independence, adopted a constitution based on the American and French models, and elected Danish Crown Prince christian frederick as king in May 17, 18 14. However, Sweden militarily forced Norway to form a personal alliance with Sweden and established the Bernadotte Dynasty as the ruler of Norway. Under this arrangement, Norway has retained its liberal constitution and independent institutions, with the exception of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See also Norway in 18 14.

This period also witnessed the rise of the romantic nationalist cultural movement in Norway, because Norwegians sought to define and express their unique national character. This movement covers all branches of culture, including literature (Henrik Weggeland, Bj? rnstjerne Bj？ Ensen, Peter Kristen Asbo? rnsen，J？ Jurgen Moi, henrik ibsen), painting (demanded by Hans Goode and Adolf Tide), music (Edvard Grieg) and even language policy, trying to define a native written language for Norway led to two official written forms of Norwegian today; Bokm？ Me and Ninosk.

Norwegian navigator and politician christian michelsen served as Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907. Michelson is best known for playing a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on June 7, 1905. In the late19th century, Norway became increasingly dissatisfied with its alliance with Sweden, and nationalism led to the disintegration of the alliance. After a referendum confirmed the people's preference for the monarchy rather than the Republic of Algeria, the Norwegian government gave the Norwegian throne to Prince Carl of Denmark. Parliament unanimously elected him king. He was named haakon vii after the independent king of Norway in the Middle Ages. In 1898, all men gained universal suffrage, and in 19 13, Norwegian women also gained the right to vote.

Norway was a neutral country in World War I, and tried to claim neutrality in World War II, but it was invaded by the Germans on April 9, 1940 (Weserübung action). Allied forces also planned to invade Norway to take advantage of its strategically important Atlantic coast, but were defeated by German actions. Norway was unprepared for the sudden attack on Germany. Norway's military resistance lasted for two months, longer than Poland and France. The battle of Vinjesvingen eventually became the last resistance stronghold in southern Norway, while the northern armed forces launched an attack on the Germans in the battle of Narvik until they were forced to surrender after the fall of France on June 8. King Haakon and the Norwegian government continued fighting in Rotherheit, London. On the day of the invasion, vidkun quisling, the co-leader of Nashonal Summerlin, a small national socialist party, tried to seize power, but was forced to give way by the German occupier. The real power lies in the hands of josef terboven, the leader of the German occupation authorities. As a ministerial president, kiessling later formed a German-controlled government. During the five years of Nazi occupation, the Norwegians established a strong resistance movement to fight the German occupation forces through armed resistance and non-violent resistance. But for the allied war efforts, what is more important is the role of Norwegian merchant fleet. At the time of the invasion, Norway had the third largest, fastest and most effective merchant fleet in the world. During the whole war, it was led by Nortraship, a Norwegian shipping company under the Allied Forces, and participated in all the war operations from Dunkirk retreat to Normandy landing.

After the war, the Social Democratic Party came to power and ruled the country for most of the Cold War. Norway joined NATO on 1949 and became a close ally of the United States. Two referendums to join the European Union failed by a narrow margin. In the 1960 s, a large number of oil and natural gas reserves were discovered, which led to the sustained prosperity of the economy.