According to the development history of modern natural science, this paper demonstrates the inevitability of dialectical materialism view of nature replacing metaphysics.

At present, ethics is crowded, people flock to it and get fired. However, what kind of science is a national pedant competition? This is still an unsolved problem. Is it a natural science? Obviously not; Is it a historical science? It can't be found in historical science; Is it a science alongside natural science and historical science? No one treats it like this. Ethics can't be a science because there is no higher science and no parallel science. It seems that there are mysteries hidden in ethics that need to be discussed in depth. Today, ethics and moral science are closely linked and inseparable. Moral science belongs to historical science. Therefore, it is an unavoidable responsibility of historical science to separate ethics from moral science, and it is also the need of historical science development. Historical science is the science of studying historical phenomena. Historical phenomenon is the expression of human behavior. Historical science is a science juxtaposed with natural science, also known as historical materialism. Historical science mainly includes moral science, social science, economics, political science, law, religion, culture and art, etc. Ethics is not a historical science, but its content involves all aspects of historical phenomena, which seriously interferes with and hinders the development of historical science. Historical science tolerates ethical intervention, which is its confusion and backwardness. We must take up the weapon of dialectical materialism, thoroughly criticize ethics and clean it up from science. Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the theoretical basis of socialism in China. Historical materialism has completed its historical mission and needs to be developed. Dialectical materialism still has great vitality. Using dialectical materialism to criticize ethics is a measure to develop historical materialism, and it is the beginning, source and starting point of developing historical materialism. In recent years, in the voice of globalization and integration with the world, my ethics has set off an upsurge of learning, catching up with and introducing western ethics, and it has shown a growing momentum. It is characterized by kowtowing when there is a god, and burning incense when you see a temple. Right or wrong, it is regarded as a treasure that is accepted and defended. This is a retrogression. In the long run, there is a danger of turning China into a cultural "enemy-occupied area". In fact, in the field of historical science, their religious theology is the most developed and dominant in the west, far ahead of China, and nothing else is dominant. The ethics invented by the west and proud of it are even more out of thin air. The most powerful criticism of ethics is to explain the truth.

The History and Present Situation of Ethics

Ethics originated in the west. In the west, ethics can be called a science with a long history, the same strain and enduring. Aristotle, an ancient Greek thinker, began to formally teach ethics classes when he was alive. His Nicomachean Ethics is considered to be the first monograph on ethics in human history, so he himself is called "the father of ethics". After a long period of theoretical elucidation and academic accumulation, a group of great thinkers and ethicists, such as Aquinas, Bacon, Hobbes, Locke, Descartes, Rousseau, Kant, Schopenhauer, paxson, prichard, Ross, Moore, Wittgenstein, Rawls, etc. And their ethical masterpieces, such as Critique of Practical Reason, Principles of Ethics, A Theory of Justice, etc. Has appeared in the west. In China, during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius taught his disciples how to treat others, and the disciples compiled and edited the lecture notes into The Analects, which was regarded as an ethical work in the history of China's ethical thoughts. Since then, there has never been a monograph on ethics, and ethics has not been treated as a science. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that ethics was recognized as a science, and ethics courses were offered in higher education. From 65438 to 0906, ethicist Liu edited and published ethics textbooks as teaching materials. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country mainly focused on dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and did not study ethical issues. In recent years, theorists feel that China's ethics lags behind the West and needs to catch up and accelerate its development. After more than 20 years of unremitting efforts, not only ethics monographs and textbooks have been published one after another, but also branches of ethics such as economic ethics, environmental ethics, bioethics, medical ethics, scientific ethics, administrative ethics, business ethics, lawyer ethics, ecological ethics, advertising ethics, sexual ethics, military ethics, and national ethics have emerged. , showing a thriving scene. However, this running pursuit and explosive development have serious shortcomings and defects, lack of specific analysis of western ethics, and great blindness. Of course, western ethics started earlier and there are many famous books, but is this a sign of advanced? Obviously not. There are many theoretical viewpoints in western ethics. Are they all right? No In scientific activities, it must be emphasized that there is only one reason. Ethics is no exception, and there is no question of pluralism. The different viewpoints of western ethics just show that they can't justify themselves. So far, no one's viewpoint is impeccable, so no one's viewpoint is recognized by the world. China's ethics regards the West as the goal of learning and catching up. First of all, we should analyze and identify their existing viewpoints one by one, find the correct viewpoint from them, and then deepen, promote or put forward new viewpoints. Those erroneous views should be convincingly and irrefutably denied. This is the correct method of scientific research. Only by applying and adhering to the correct research methods can we continuously promote the development of science. China's ethics is not like this. It's like entering a new world Everything feels novel and lacks the ability to distinguish right from wrong. It accepts all those different and contradictory viewpoints and thinks that they are all right, but they just reflect different academic trends. This view tries to find reasons for learning, catching up and introducing western ethics, but it loses the weapon of dialectical materialism and is far from the scientific spirit. Views on different academic trends of thought are absurd and harmful. It is tantamount to acknowledging theoretical pluralism, thus erasing the boundaries between right and wrong, truth and fallacy, revolutionary movement and reactionary forces. It should be noted that different viewpoints in ethics are not just academic issues. Western ethics and even all historical sciences are unscientific, but they are praised regardless of right or wrong, so as to dress them up as civilized countries or excellent nations and occupy an overwhelming position in spirit, providing favorable conditions for them to communicate with weak countries. However, in the face of the bluff of the West, China's ethics is weak, ashamed, and candidly admit defeat, so that he no longer supports his own scientific, advanced and correct things, but just got into the trap they set. The resulting consequences and losses are not just academic.

The object of ethical research

Every science has its research object. The object of ethical research is ethical phenomenon. This is a reasonable and natural thing. However, ethics in all previous dynasties declared that it was a science to study moral phenomena and reveal the essence and laws of morality. This is not right. This is a bit of a problem. Ethics cannot explain and solve this problem, which is unsustainable. Whether there is ethical phenomenon, if there is no ethical phenomenon, ethics should not be established; If there is an ethical phenomenon, we should study it. Ethics takes morality as the research object, which is meaningless in any case. Ethical phenomena exist objectively in everyone, whether ancient or modern, western or eastern, white or colored, China or foreigner, man or woman, old or young, without exception. Morality is also an objective phenomenon, which exists in people's behavior activities, and there is no one who does not engage in moral activities. Ethical phenomenon and moral phenomenon are completely different. Ethics is not morality, and morality is not ethics. The science that studies moral phenomena is moral science, not ethics. Ethics takes moral phenomena as the research object, and overlaps with moral science, which inevitably causes and has caused the overall chaos of historical science. Then, why should ethics take moral phenomena as the research object? It turns out that it has not found any ethical phenomenon so far, so it can't build its own home, so it has to leave home, live under the fence, work for moral science, and compete with moral science for a pot of rice. Although people haven't found the ethical phenomenon yet, they generally believe that it should exist and realize that it is inseparable from the moral phenomenon. Perhaps there is ethics hidden in the moral phenomenon, and they always feel that ethics is superior, and its reason is deeper. They are worried that "moral science" cannot reflect ethics, so they simply call it ethics. Therefore, ethics is based on idealism. It is a misunderstanding of human understanding. It is also a miracle in the history of science that there are so many famous books with ethical phenomena but no ethical phenomena are found.

How can there be ethical concepts if ethical phenomena are not found? This is a characteristic that historical science is different from natural science. In natural science, the research object must be established before the corresponding science can be established. Sometimes even after a new substance or phenomenon is discovered, it is named. So the facts and concepts in natural science are highly consistent. Historical science is different. In the field of historical science, many concepts and facts are divorced, so there are many scientific places where we can't find or find accurate research objects. This is because people have unconsciously and quickly summarized or classified human phenomena in their long-term life practice, and the concepts used in mutual communication and language exchange are abstract. Historical science needs to first concretize concepts, find prototypes from real life, make clear what they mean, and make concepts conform to facts. However, historical science can't do it, not only ethics, but also moral science, social science, political science, law and so on. The concept of existence is divorced from the fact to varying degrees. Starting from abstract, empty and vague concepts, the scientific nature of historical science can be imagined. However, historical science lags behind, which can not provide strong theoretical support for people's behavior activities, especially national management, and will bring incalculable and serious consequences to the socialist cause.

Where is the ethical phenomenon? This has always been a concern of people. For more than two thousand years, people have never given up their efforts to find ethical phenomena. In the epic of western Rome, ethics refers to a concrete thing, which is useful to people, such as bread, house, residence, cowshed and so on. Later, it became the quality and behavior in line with human nature, and the significance of coordinating social life and interpersonal relationships. Aristotle believes in Nicomachean Ethics that ethical phenomena exist in all technologies, all rules, all practices and choices. Hegel explains ethical phenomena from the comparison between ethics and morality. He believes that ethics is superior to morality, which is subjective, and ethics is the unity of abstract objective will and equally abstract individual subjective will in its concept. American philosopher Habermas believes that goodness, value and ethics are linked, while obligation, justice and morality are linked. In a word, all western ethicists express ethical phenomena out of an imagination and a guess, which provides a possibility and leaves room for people to think, but they can't come up with facts. In ancient China, there were various descriptions of ethical phenomena, represented by Mencius. He called ethics "father and son have affection, monarch and minister have righteousness, husband and wife are different, young and old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy". It is believed that ethics refers to these five common relationships between people. These five relationships were later summarized as "five virtues", "five permanents" and "principles", which became the important contents of China traditional culture. Obviously, compared with the west, China's ancient ethical thoughts are closer to reality and more advanced. By the Eastern Han Dynasty, this problem had been fundamentally solved. Xu Shen, a philologist in the Eastern Han Dynasty, explained ethics in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "ethics, from people, from generations, also;" Therefore, from the jade also. " Just express the meaning of ethics clearly. Because there was no ethics in ancient China, there was no special study on ethical issues, so there was no further explanation. In modern times, scholars have unilaterally thought that western ethics is more advanced than China's, focusing more on the west, hoping to absorb more nutrition from western masterpieces, thus ignoring the excavation of the essence of China's traditional culture.

Ethical phenomenon is not as abstract, mysterious, complex and elusive as people think, but a common phenomenon that even children know. According to Xu Shen's explanation, ethics is the generation of human beings, and reason is the grain of jade. The ethical meaning is that people's generations are as clear as jade lines. In the final analysis, ethics refers to the blood relationship between people. That's the truth. Everyone knows his parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, husbands or wives, brothers, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, nephews and so on. They will never go crazy. Ethical relationship is a natural relationship formed in the process of human reproduction, and it is a natural existence state of human beings, which human beings cannot choose and change. Since people are born as human beings, they naturally enter the network system of ethical relations, so they can't feel its existence for a long time and can't find it. It can be said that I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but I am only on this mountain.

Ethical phenomena exist objectively, but it is impossible to establish a science specializing in ethical phenomena. No one knows the ethical relationship of human beings, which is self-evident knowledge, and the understanding of ethical phenomena does not need special scientific theory to guide. Historical science is a science of reasoning, and ethical relations cannot be selected and changed. There is no right or wrong, no justice or injustice, no rationality or irrationality, so it is of no practical significance to study it. Ethics, as a science, can't find a science at the next higher level, nor can it find a science parallel to it. As an isolated science, it can't enter the logical sequence, has no guiding role in human understanding, and has no need to exist. Fundamentally speaking, ethics, as a natural existence state of human beings, is an objective existence form and a stipulation of human beings, so it is a philosophical feature of human beings. Not human behavior, not the content of historical science research. If the skin does not exist, the hair will attach. If ethics cannot be established, its branch science will become a rootless tree. People engaged in economic, medical, scientific and technological, administrative, commercial, lawyer, environmental and other activities, without generations or kinship, can not have ethics about them. Meanwhile, ethics is a human phenomenon, not a theory. Even if there is ethics, it is an empirical science, that is, the lowest science, and there will be no more branches.

The relationship between ethics and morality

Although ethics cannot be established, it cannot be denied that ethical phenomena play an important role in historical science. Ethical phenomenon is the basis of human behavior, and human behavior is based on its existing state. For example, the granary actually knows etiquette, food and clothing are enough to know honor and disgrace, people are less ambitious and have deep pockets. When studying human behavior, it is inevitable to find out the causes of this behavior. Only by finding out the causes of human behavior can we make a scientific explanation of human behavior. You can't understand human behavior without understanding the reasons for it. Specifically, ethics, as a state of human existence, is the direct cause of human moral activities. As parents and grandparents, honor and support them; Because they are children and grandchildren, they only support training; Because you are a brother, younger brother, younger sister or other close relatives, you care and help them. More specifically, people naturally enter the ethical sequence when they are born, but only through the nurturing, caring, enlightening and training of their elders can they grow up. Nurturing, caring, enlightening and cultivating children are the most basic moral activities. It can be seen that human beings reproduce in the interaction between ethics and morality. Historical science should start from here. Without the interaction between ethics and morality, babies can't grow up. Without knowing how babies grow up, it is impossible to clarify the mechanism of other human behaviors.

Ethics and morality are closely related. Ethics leads to morality, and morality serves ethics. But the two are not completely coincident. Morality can be imposed on people who are not relatives, and not all relatives are moral relations. Typical moral activities are mainly manifested in the family. People's kinship is a huge network system with a large population, and not all of them live in one family. Only the behavior between people living in a family can fully conform to the moral characteristics. People living in different families, even if they are related by blood, no longer focus on moral activities. Therefore, from the perspective of historical science, family relations are also moral relations. Because moral activity is the only beneficial and harmless behavior of human beings, people not only think that moral activity is noble, but also hope to extend it outside the family, that is, the so-called "old age; Young and frivolous, and young people. " I hope that people will be selfish and contribute to others in social and political life, that the country will implement benevolent policies and rule the country by virtue, and that the country will have just laws. However, this is impossible. Outside the family, although there are moral activities such as valuing righteousness over profit, helping others, selfless dedication, sacrificing oneself to save others, they are limited to a temporary event and conditional. As a worker, no matter how much you love your company, you won't do your duty for it in vain. As a merchant, no matter how poor the customer is, you will sympathize with him again, and you will not give him goods for nothing or do it at a loss. As a judge, the defendant has violated the law by stealing cash. Even if he treats his children for moral motives, the law will not forgive him. It is precisely because the family is a place for moral activities that no matter how much you honor the elderly and spend on children, you will never become a virtuous person. Because this is a normal phenomenon in family life, everyone is like this, and there is no noble problem. And you will be praised and respected by the society by subsidizing other children to go to school with very little money. This is precisely because society is not a place for moral activities, it is not easy to do in society, and the number is relatively small.

Regrettably, ethics can't find the ethical phenomenon so far, and it can't clarify the relationship between ethics and morality. Although it takes moral phenomenon as the research object, it can't explain how morality comes into being, so moral science can't reveal the essence and law of moral phenomenon. Throughout the ages, although the number of theoretical works on morality is amazing, most of them are irrelevant and can not correctly guide people to carry out moral activities, which is not only useless but also harmful. So far, there are three main views on the source of morality. One is the theory of providence, which holds that morality originated from God or providence. In the west, Plato in ancient Greece believed that morality was the result of God putting "the idea of goodness" into people's hearts. The second is the theory of human nature. Hobbes, helvetius, Feuerbach and other modern western materialist thinkers believe that morality is the expression of human nature. Kant, a German classical philosopher, believes that people are born with a kind of "good will", which is the root of morality. Third, social existentialism, dialectical materialism and historical materialism believe that morality comes from the social and economic basis or the mode of production of material life. It can be seen that the previous moral science theory did not accurately reveal the source of moral phenomena. On the one hand, it cannot describe and classify moral phenomena scientifically, and the moral choice and moral evaluation it talks about are not moral activities. On the other hand, it thinks that morality is universal, which makes it break away from the constraints of family and even relatives and inappropriately exaggerates its role. Moral science claims that law is only the concrete and lowest morality. The law itself has no principles; Law is based on morality. Legal principles such as justice, equality and freedom are not laws, but morals. This is complete nonsense. The principle of law is its scientific nature, not things they are not sure about, such as justice, equality and freedom. Law depends on justice, equality, freedom, etc. In any case, it is impossible to accurately and timely find out the facts of illegal crimes and handle cases accurately. It should be pointed out that justice, equality and freedom are not rational principles. No one will think that filial piety to parents and raising children are just, equal and free behaviors. Especially for a long time, people mostly regard utilitarianism as a moral principle, which is very wrong. Utilitarianism is not only not a moral principle, but also mutually exclusive, tit-for-tat and irreconcilable with it. An important content of moral education is to help people weaken and dilute utilitarian thoughts. Because those crimes, political corruption, aggression and plunder are mostly characterized by the pursuit of utility. It is by using this wrong theory that imperialism believes that it is in line with moral principles to pursue utility and even launch a war of aggression, thus causing profound disasters to mankind.

Although moral activity is mainly manifested in the family, it is closely related to people's other behavioral activities and is the starting point of people's other behavioral activities. If pies can fall in the sky, people will be able to stay indoors, and the voices of chickens and dogs will hear each other and not communicate with each other, enjoying family happiness at home. However, that is impossible. In order to support the elderly, raise children, maintain the needs of family material life, and constantly improve the quality of family life, people need to work, run industries, or use other skills to make money, which has produced various social relations. Society is governed by the state according to law, and people are bound to have various relations with the state and the law. People's efforts to produce labor, strictly enforce the law and strengthen state management are not motivated by morality. The relationship between individuals, families, society, countries, religions, etc. It should be expressed through interpersonal relationships. And the relationship between people is produced through human behavior. It is generally believed that besides family activities or moral activities, people also have social activities, economic activities, legal activities, political activities, scientific activities, religious activities, cultural and artistic activities and so on. These activities of human beings cannot be examined and evaluated by moral standards. People's various behaviors and activities are an interrelated whole, so they often show that you have me and I have you. You can also see the shadow of morality in other people's behavior, but it is not a moral activity in essence. People's behavior is different, because people's nature is different. The task of historical science is to clarify the essence of human activities first, then unify them, and finally discover the laws of human activities from the contradictory movements of human activities, which are interrelated, interdependent, mutually restrictive and interactive. However, historical science still has a long way to go to achieve this goal. In moral science, the view that morality is universal shows that it can neither accurately explain moral phenomena nor distinguish morality from other human activities. This is because historical science has not revealed the essence of other human activities. Historical science has not seen the essential differences of human activities so far, but regards them as indistinguishable. It studies historical science from the perspectives of unified axiology, behavioral science, volitionalism, practical materialism, justice theory, the relationship between subject and object, motivation and effect, the relationship between man and nature, productivity and production, and the relationship between economic base and superstructure. These research methods have certain limitations, and they are only effective in a certain range, and they have never seen the whole picture of human activities.