What are the reform and development trend of teaching methods

Teaching is under the guidance of teachers, students take the initiative to master knowledge, skills, intellectual and physical development, and the formation of a certain ideological process, it has a complex structural system. In this structural system, the teaching method is one of its key links. Teaching theory believes that teaching methods, as an invisible link, sustains the teachers' teaching and students' learning, and directly affects the improvement of the teaching level and the realization of the purpose of education. As the famous educator Babanski said: "The learning achievement of students, in many ways depends on the selection and use of teaching methods optimal combination of skills, techniques."

A large number of educational practices also show that teaching, if the lack of teaching methods suitable for the characteristics of students and the content of the material, the teaching effect will be poor, the teaching task will be difficult to complete. It can be seen that teachers correctly select and constantly reform the teaching methods, whether it is for the lower grades or for the higher grades, whether it is for the guidance of individual students or for the classroom instruction, is a vital thing in the teaching process. Teaching methods include both teachers' teaching methods and students' learning methods. Teaching and learning methods can not be static, with the development of society and science and technology, with the development of teaching theory and practice, teaching methods are bound to change or appropriate reform. Throughout the modern world in the reform of teaching methods in the results, although their content meaning, system structure, implementation of the form of large differences, but from the idea of reform, theoretical basis and implementation of the effect of the analysis, can be found in a number of *** with the characteristics and trends.

One, emphasize the development of students' intelligence

Traditional teaching focuses on the transmission of knowledge, used to injecting, full of ways to increase students' knowledge, often making students' minds closed, lack of independent thinking and creativity, limiting the development of students' intelligence. Modern teaching not only attaches importance to the transfer of knowledge, but also pay more attention to the development of students' intelligence, and promote the overall development of students. Under the guidance of this teaching idea, modern teaching methodology reform attaches great importance to guiding students to actively explore new things, try to find problems and solve problems, and attach importance to cultivating students' observation, analysis and synthesis and creativity. American Bruner's "discovery teaching method" is such, it requires teachers to be good at guiding students to "discover", "explore" or "solve" problems, so that students can open the door to the "discovery", "explore" or "solve" problems, so that students will be able to learn. "Problems, so that students get knowledge, like scientists to discover the truth, to "discover the cause of the development of things and the internal connection of things, to find out the law, the formation of their own concepts". The "problem teaching method" implemented at home and abroad also requires students to give full play to their independence, so that they can master the scientific method of thinking and the experience, characteristics and procedures of creative activities on the basis of their understanding of knowledge, in order to achieve the purpose of developing intelligence. Japanese scholar Kawakami Masamitsu thinks: "Knowledge can be replaced by encyclopedias, but thinking out a new program, a new point of view, in addition to the intelligence factor, can not be replaced by anything." This very insightful point of view is not only accepted by many scholars, and directly affects the modern teaching theory research and reform of modern teaching methods.

Second, pay attention to the study of learning methods

Teaching methods is the unity of teaching and learning methods, however, for a long time, the reform of teaching methods in China and abroad pay attention to teaching and learning, that is, in how teachers teach more research, and how to learn students to explore less. With the increase in the amount of human knowledge and information and teaching theory of the depth of research, people generally recognize the importance of student learning methods on the process of teaching activities. Sukhomlinsky said: "Among the many tasks facing the elementary school, the primary task is to teach students to learn." Alwin Toffler also believes that "tomorrow's schools should teach students not only information, but also methods of learning." In the process of reforming modern teaching methods, the study of learning methods has been highly emphasized. In China, for example, engaged in the study of learning methods of academic organizations have been established, learning method experiments in more and more primary and secondary schools. "Teach a man to fish, only for a meal; teach a man to fish, life-long use", this wise saying is becoming the motto of contemporary teaching method reform. "Teach in order not to teach", "so that students learn to learn", has gradually become a **** knowledge of colleagues in the education sector. In recent years, domestic and foreign creation and implementation of the "eight links systematic learning method", "a single lesson four-step pre-study method", "feedback regulation learning method", "Over-learning Method", "Three-tion Foreign Language Memorization Method" (Note: "Three-tion" means "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression", "impression" and "impression". (Note: "Tri-tion" means impression, connection and repetition). As well as "self-reading teaching method", "self-study tutorial teaching method", etc., are the excellent results of research and reform of learning methods. These methods not only enable students to better grasp the content of the teaching, but also to enable them to take the initiative and creativity in learning, and consciously develop their own abilities.

Three, pay attention to the role of non-intellectual factors

Contemporary psychology, education theory research shows that the intellectual factors and non-intellectual factors are closely linked in the teaching process, interaction. Non-intellectual factors mainly include ideals, emotions, will, character, temperament, etc., although these factors are not directly involved in the process of students' cognitive and learning activities, it is difficult to change the intellectual level of students, but they are the mental pillar of students' intellectual activities and the power system of the learning process, and thus can regulate the teaching activities, so that it is carried out smoothly, and greatly affects the play of the level of students' intelligence. The "Pygmalion effect" has illustrated that good emotions between teachers and students on students' learning achievements a huge role in promoting, in addition, tenacity of willpower, positive emotional experience, good personality qualities are also important conditions for students to learn. Bulgarian psychologist Lozarov's "implied teaching method", is to let students' emotions in a relaxed and happy or unconscious state to learn and master knowledge. In recent years, China has created the "problem situation induced teaching method", is also through the creation of the problem situation, inducing students positive emotions and feelings, so that they consciously and actively learn and get good results of a method. There is also "non-intellectual factors teaching method", but also in the process of stimulating interest, cultivating sentiment, cultivating will and character, so that the students' intellectual level to be rapidly improved in one of the effective methods. As Zankov pointed out that: "Once the teaching method touches the student's emotions and will field, touching the student's spiritual needs, this teaching method can play a highly effective role."

Four, the importance of mobilizing students' enthusiasm

The teaching process is to promote the development of students' understanding of the process, but also students of the form and content of the teaching of perception, memory, thinking, imagining and a series of processing, the establishment of a temporary neural link in the mind, the formation of certain experiences. In this process, students are the main body. If students are not interested in the content of the teaching, no learning motivation, learning purpose is not clear, attention is not focused, it is difficult to accept the relevant knowledge information, the formation of temporary contact system and experience. "Those who know are better than those who are good, those who are good are better than those who are happy" ("Analects - Yong also"), this statement is very reasonable. Therefore, the reform of modern teaching methods fully aware of the role of students in the teaching process of the main position, and strive to play the students' subjective initiative, mobilize their enthusiasm for learning. For example, the American psychologist Bruner's "discovery teaching method", China's education sector to create a "sentimental situation teaching method", "problem-guiding method", "Doubt teaching method", "introduction to stimulate the method" are opposed to students read dead, pay special attention to the teaching of students to set up a clear purpose of learning, cultivate a strong interest in learning, to stimulate a strong desire to know, so that the student's brain is in a positive state of thinking, take the initiative to discover the problem, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn, to learn and to learn. state, take the initiative to find problems, solve problems, to achieve mastery of knowledge, ability to form, enlightenment and creativity.

Fifth, the application of psychological research results

Traditional teaching methodology reform attaches importance to the summary of teaching experience and philosophical guidance, modern teaching methodology reform attaches importance to the summary of teaching experience and philosophical guidance at the same time, pay special attention to the application of psychological research results. It is easy to see that many contemporary effective teaching methods are proposed by psychologists and put into practice. Experimentation and reform of such teaching methods are not only the enrichment and development of the theory of psychological science, but also the application of the theory of psychological science in education.

What is more striking is that a large number of contemporary research results on child psychology and educational psychology, for the reform of teaching methods to provide a scientific basis for the reform of teaching methods, so that the reform of teaching methods to get rid of subjectivity and blindness, in the direction of following the laws of the development of children's and educational psychology and continue to move forward. For example, according to Thorndike's learning theory, some people put forward the "stimulus - response learning method"; according to the research results of brain science, some people put forward the "implied right brain method" and the "two hemispheres of the brain and use". According to the research results of brain science, some people put forward "suggesting the right brain method" and "brain two hemispheres concurrent learning method"; according to the law of "sensory interactions", some people put forward "music infected teaching method", "prototype According to the law of "sensory interaction", some people put forward the "music infection teaching method", "prototype inspiration method" and "analogical transfer method" and so on. These are all successful applications of psychological research results in the reform of teaching methods. Lozarov used the law of human "subconscious mental activity" revealed by psychology to create the "implied teaching method" to improve the efficiency of memory; Shatalov utilized the "perfect" theory of psychology to create the "optimized" method. "Theory, created to optimize the teaching effect of" outline signal diagram method "and so on, this kind of teaching method is actually an important research results of educational psychology. In short, due to the reform of contemporary teaching methods pay attention to the application of psychological science research results, so that the new teaching methods not only has a strong scientific, but also has a wide range of promotion and application value.

Six, pay attention to the "three theories" as a guide

Information theory, cybernetics and systems theory, although the origin of electronic industrial technology and management science, but because of its high degree of abstraction and generalization and a wide range of adaptive features, the theoretical study of many disciplines and practical activities have a guiding significance and a huge impact. Modern pedagogy not only takes it as one of the theoretical foundations, but also takes it as an important part of the methodological system. According to the viewpoint of "three theories", the teaching process is a complete system composed of the subject, object, method, information and other elements, in which the subject and the object of communication between the information, and a variety of information activities can be applied to a certain method, the way to regulate, control, in order to obtain the best communication effect. This point of view has been accepted by many people in the field of education theory, and therefore is widely used in the process of teaching method reform. Such as the United States Skinner pioneered the cybernetics-based "program teaching method", the German Wagenschein introduced the system theory-based "paradigm teaching method", the United States Bruner put forward the structural system theory based on the "discovery teaching method" and so on. Discovery Teaching Method" proposed by Bruner in the United States based on the structural system theory is not only widely used in the teaching process, but also on the basis of the principle of the "three theories" to make it further developed and improved. In addition, domestic and foreign educators have proposed and implemented "reading teaching method", "systematic review method", "feedback learning method", "structural learning method", "systematic review method", "feedback learning method", "feedback learning method" and "structural learning method". structural learning method", "information network teaching method", "five rounds of feedback reproduction teaching method", etc., are also the "three theories" as the guiding ideology and create effective teaching methods. The "Three Theories" is the guiding principle for the creation of effective teaching methods. This shows that the "three theories" on the teaching method of the great role of reform.

Seven, in the means of teaching, pay attention to the use of modern scientific and technological equipment

Traditional teaching to language, text as the main medium for the transmission of information, therefore, in a long period of time, the blackboard and chalk as the main means of teaching activities. Later, with the reform of teaching methods, charts, paintings, specimens, models and other static visual aids are widely used. Since the 1950s, slides, radio, recordings, movies and other equipment and many schools and teachers used in teaching. However, in today's rapid development of science and technology and knowledge and information surging situation, the above means of teaching can not be fully adapted to the requirements of modern teaching, only the use of more scientific, more modern technology and equipment to serve the teaching, in order to effectively improve the quality of teaching and learning, and to complete the task of training talents. A distinctive feature of the reform of modern teaching methods, that is, more and more advanced teaching equipment, teaching means of modernization is higher and higher level, the program teaching machine, electronic computers, film, television video, satellite transmission, laser disc, stereoscopic television and other multi-functional, multi-media, modern scientific and technological equipment in the teaching of the more and more often used. These modern scientific and technological equipment as a teaching tool used in the process of reforming teaching methods, not only makes the teaching content more vivid, image, system, more attractive, intuitive and scientific, and so that the students of a variety of analyzers to coordinate the activities of the intellect to be fully developed. The use of modern scientific and technological equipment for teaching, but also to make a variety of teaching methods organically combined, teachers choose the best teaching method for teaching, students choose the best learning method for learning, teachers and students to be fully mobilized, so as to obtain the best teaching results.