The middle class knows the teaching plan of traditional musical instruments.

Inkstone is one of the important musical instruments in ancient China. More than 3,000 years ago, in ancient China, musical instruments were divided into eight categories: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, musical instruments and wood, which were called eight tones. In the eight tones, it is in the main soil.

Sound. In the whole ancient band, it plays the role of filling the alto and reconciling the high and low notes. The ancients said: "Positive five tones, six tones, rigid and soft must be balanced, clear and turbid." . Can't you win the horse by taking the stone as the same work? It is considered that the cloud has the same status as Zhong and Qing.

Inkstone is one of the important musical instruments in ancient China. More than 3,000 years ago, in ancient China, musical instruments were divided into eight categories: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, musical instruments and wood, which were called eight tones. In the eight tones, it is in the main soil.

Sound. In the whole ancient band, it plays the role of filling the alto and reconciling the high and low notes. The ancients said: "Positive five tones, six tones, rigid and soft must be balanced, clear and turbid." . Can't you win the horse by taking the stone as the same work? Think of Lin as one with Zhong and Qing.

Sample, have the same status.

Cloud seed

There are many kinds of phoenixes, besides the traditional oval phoenixes, there are many types, such as gourd phoenixes, grip phoenixes, Yuanyang phoenixes, female phoenixes and so on.

Traditionally, it is mostly oval, but now there are many kinds, such as gourd, handle, mandarin duck, mother and son, etc., with beautiful style and fine technology.

1. Gourd bed: equipped with a throat device, shaped like a gourd. Production needs a second child, and the process is complicated. The place near the waist is the thinnest, and when the airflow passes, it can cause edge sound effect again, so that the high-pitched range of the trap can be appropriately expanded. Because the piano body is longer, it is more convenient and labor-saving to play, and the timbre is softer than the traditional oval.

Gourd awn is characterized by:

A. The range above the pitch (starting from full flat blowing) extends for three degrees; But the downward flow part below the pitch is reduced by three degrees;

B, save effort when playing high notes;

C due to the throat device, the timbre of the bass area is affected.

2. Grip method: It is the grip method of holding the performance, and it uses the roots of ten fingers and thumb to control the sound hole.

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Inkstone is one of the important musical instruments in ancient China. In ancient China more than 3,000 years ago, musical instruments were divided into gold, stone, earth, leather,

There are eight kinds of silk, bamboo, wood and wood, which are called eight tones. In the octave, Yu leads the way. In the whole ancient band, it plays the role of filling the alto and reconciling the high and low notes. The ancients said: "Positive five tones, six tones, rigid and soft must be balanced, clear and turbid." .

Can't you win the horse by taking the stone as the same work? We should treat clouds, clocks and green as equals and have the same status. Edit abstract

catalogue

1 Text Explanation 2 Historical Origin 3 Development 4 Forms 5 Categories

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Historical origin

Cloud is a unique closed wind instrument in China and one of the oldest wind instruments in China, which occupies an important position in the history of primitive art in the world. get up

The source is related to the labor and production activities of our ancestors. At first, it may be that ancestors imitated the sounds of birds and animals to trap prey.

Later, with the progress of society, it evolved into a simple musical instrument, and gradually increased the sound hole, and developed into a melodic instrument that can play tunes. In primitive society, the urn has various shapes, such as the pottery urn unearthed from Hemudu site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, which is oval.

Shape, only blowing holes, no sound holes, about 7000 years ago. Tao Di in Yangshao Cultural Site, banpo village, Xi, Shaanxi, looks like an olive with only one air hole. It is made of fine mud, which is one of the original forms of graves about 6000 years ago.

Compared with the primitive period and Xia Dynasty, tombs in Shang Dynasty have developed greatly, including pottery tombs, stone tombs and bone tombs, among which pottery tombs are the most common, and their shapes are mostly flat-bottomed ellipses. During the Warring States period, the pottery casket was flat-bottomed oval, but it also had other shapes. After Qin and Han dynasties, rhyme was mainly used in court music of past dynasties. In archaeological excavations and handed down from generation to generation, we occasionally see some pottery or porcelain with special shapes.

Music Research of the Palace Museum and the Chinese Academy of Art All the red painted Yunlong urns used by the Qing court are 8.5 cm high and 7 cm in diameter. There are six sound holes on the body: the first four and the second, all painted in red, depicting golden dragons and moire patterns. Modern people developed a nine-hole pottery urn, which was based on the ancient six-hole urn, and then its shoulder and inner cylinder were enlarged to increase its volume, and the number of sound holes was increased to eight: the first six and the last two, plus blowing holes, making * * * nine holes.

In order to facilitate fingering and minimize complicated cross fingering, the arrangement order of sound holes is similar to that of flutes. Professional players can play 26 notes, including all semitones and one overtone within two octaves.

According to legend, Yun Qi originated from a hunting tool called "Stone Meteor". In ancient times, people often tied a stone ball or clay ball with a rope and threw it out to shoot birds and animals. Some spheres are empty in the middle, and you can make a sound by swinging around. Later, people thought it was fun, so they blew it, and this stone meteor slowly evolved into a trap.

At first, the forest was mostly made of stones and bones, and later it developed into pottery, with many shapes, such as oblate, oval, spherical, fish-shaped and pear-shaped, among which pear-shaped is the most common.

There are water spray holes at the upper end, flat bottom and sound holes on the side wall. There was only one sound hole at first, and then it gradually developed into porous. Six sound holes did not appear until the end of the third century BC.

Professor Cao Zheng of China Conservatory of Music began to make antique pottery urns in the late 1930s. Later, Professor Chen Chongjiao of Tianjin Conservatory of Music designed a new type of nine-hole pottery urn based on the ancient pear-shaped six-hole urn, which was made of purple pottery from Yixing City, Jiangsu Province.

All right. This nine-hole urn not only keeps the original shape and timbre of the traditional urn, but also increases its volume and range. It can play scales and semitones, making it a musical instrument that can be tuned, and its timbre is simple, mellow, deep and solemn.

Full of characteristics. In addition, because the nine-hole pier has changed the irregular arrangement of the original sound holes, it is more convenient to play according to the playing habits of modern people, and can be used for solo, ensemble or accompaniment.

The appearance of the Nine-hole Yu Tao marks the rejuvenation of Gu Xun, China. Soon after, another student of Professor Chen Zhong, Zhao Liangshan of Hubei Song and Dance Troupe, developed a ten-hole cymbal with mahogany, which solved the defect that high notes were difficult to play.

In the history of China music, rhyme was mainly used in the court music of past dynasties. There are two kinds of court music: ode music and elegant music. Odes are small, like eggs, and their voices are slightly higher; He has a huge figure and a deep voice, and often plays with bamboo wind instruments "Qi".

In China's earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs, there is a saying that "Bo Shi whistles and Zhong Shi whistles", which means that two brothers, one whistling and the other whistling, express the brotherhood of harmony and goodwill.

Bu- development

Even in China, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shandong and other places have been unearthed. Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, it has gone through a long period. About four or five thousand years ago, from one sound hole to two sound holes, you can play three notes. After entering the slave society, Yan got further development. A few years ago, Yan from the late patriarchal society to the early slave society was unearthed in Huoshaogou, Yumen, Gansu Province. It has three sound holes and can play four kinds of sounds. By the late Shang Dynasty, more than 0/000 years before BC, Yu had developed into five sound holes and could play six sounds. By the Spring and Autumn Period more than 700 years before BC, there were already six sound holes, which could blow out complete pentatonic and heptatonic scales. It took more than 3000 years to develop from one sound hole to six sound holes.

Yixing

Inkstone is a very distinctive musical instrument. It is made of clay. It looks like an egg (or a variety of variants) and is about the size of a fist in China. It is hollow, with an air hole at the top and one or more finger holes in the chest and abdomen. Apart from bone flute, cloud is the only musical instrument that can absolutely emit more than one tone in primitive times. In primitive times, the cloud had only 1-3 sound holes and could only emit 2-4 sounds. This is probably related to the fact that the holes in the small egg-shaped clouds are more difficult to calculate than those in the pipe flute. To some extent, they reflect the development process of China Scale, especially the interval relationship that plays an important role in the development process of China Scale. Now some scholars have pointed out that it is a small interval that has been repeatedly emphasized since the sound hole that can only pronounce two sounds. This view is undoubtedly of great guiding significance for understanding the development of China's scales, the legal relationship between scales and tones, and even the internal mechanism of China's pentatonic scale.

In ancient times, there were many styles, such as pear shape, fish shape, spherical shape and pen container shape. These styles are made of pottery, stone, jade, wood and ivory, most of which are pottery. Shape, size, name, etc. There are detailed records of Yan in China's ancient books. "Shiben" said: "It's a new work of violence", and another way of saying it was written by people in Di Ku (Pang Jiatui). "Du Zongtong" said: "Did Zhou Ji violently attack the country?" These statements are not credible. Er Ya's note: "Burning earth for it, the big one is like a goose, sharp and flat, shaped like a heavy object, with six holes, and the small one is like a chicken." Nie's "Three-body Diagram" says: "Whoever has six points, the first point, the first three points and the last two points". The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty also said: "It is the voice of beginning of autumn, and everything is yellow, made of earth ...". He Rensi in Xiao Ya's Poems said, "Bo blows, but the clock blows.". This is a form of musical instrument combination explored by the ancients for a long time. Later generations often call it brotherly harmony. "Ancient Poetry" says: "Heaven attracts people as late as it is". In other words, Heaven induces people, just like Wei Chi.

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kind

There are many kinds of phoenixes, besides the traditional oval phoenixes, there are many types, such as gourd phoenixes, grip phoenixes, Yuanyang phoenixes, female phoenixes and so on.

Traditionally, it is mostly oval, but now there are many kinds, such as gourd, handle, mandarin duck, mother and son, etc., with beautiful style and fine technology.

1. Gourd bed: equipped with a throat device, shaped like a gourd. Production needs a second child, and the process is complicated. This cuff is the thinnest near the waist, and when the airflow passes,

Six-hole oval ceramic wind instrument

You can arouse the edge sound effect again, so that the range of the band's high-pitched area can be appropriately expanded. Because the piano body is longer, it is more convenient and labor-saving to play, and the timbre is softer than the traditional oval.

Gourd awn is characterized by:

A. The range above the pitch (starting from full flat blowing) extends for three degrees; But the downward flow part below the pitch is reduced by three degrees;

B, save effort when playing high notes;

C due to the throat device, the timbre of the bass area is affected.

2. Grip method: It is the grip method of holding the performance, and it uses the roots of ten fingers and thumb to control the sound hole.

3. Yuanyang spectrum: refers to the binary spectrum with different pitches, opposite directions and connected bases. The two ends of this urn have a blowing hole, and the sound holes of the upper and lower urns are exactly the same as those of ordinary urns. You can quickly change when you play.

Yuanyang is characterized by rich timbre and wide range. But the shape is not beautiful (more abnormal than the original shape), and it is not convenient to switch between Yuanyang and Yuanyang when playing. Moreover, the sound quality changes greatly, so the sound quality is uneven.

4. Mother and child: refers to two conjoined shackles with different sizes and the same direction. The interval between the big shackles and the small shackles is generally pure five degrees. For example, the big one is G, and the small one is D. You can also combine them as you like.

5. Tau-head ring: According to the improvement of Ningxia Hui musical instrument, it has a hole of 10, ranging from bass 5 to treble 2, and has a sound insulation board inside, which is round and thick and easy to blow the treble. The disadvantage is that the hole is slightly larger and the scope is not easy to expand.

6. Bullet pad: Feng's latest patented product, ceramic pad, is made of double-cavity structure by imitating gourd pad inside, which is convenient for beginners to master at will and easy to blow high notes; The disadvantage is that it is not easy to blow down.

At present, most common on the market are gourd, bull's head, bullet and oval. Others are rare.

Bullet transport skill

Xun's commonly used skills can be classified into three categories: Qi, Finger and Tongue: including long tone, Qi trill, Finger trill, Lip trill, Slippery, Vomiting, Beating, Empty Beating, Cyclic Ventilation, Cyclic Ventilation and Virtual Blowing. These skills are necessary when playing.

1, gas playing skills

Blowing methods include long sound, air vibration sound, lip vibration sound and so on. Among them, the long note is the basis of Cui's aerial performance skills, which must be full, round, loud, stable and noiseless.

In the vertical playing skills, long notes are the basis of vertical breath training. By practicing long sounds, you can master the correct breathing method, develop a good playing mouth shape, and have a smooth, full and pure pronunciation. Therefore, you need to practice for a certain time every day. Practice can combine strength * * *, and the timbre must be full, round, loud and smooth, without noise.

Air fibrillation, also known as "abdominal fibrillation", is caused by airflow vibration caused by abdominal contraction. Tremolo is big, small, fast and slow, which should be determined according to the needs of music content in actual performance. For example, the melody of singing should use even and free air vibration, and the melody of passion and indignation should use exaggerated air vibration. On the premise of ensuring accuracy, air vibration sound can be used flexibly and requires uniformity and fluency.

Lip trill is a special kind of fluctuating sound produced by driving the body with both hands to make the damper and blowhole move back and forth quickly. When the body moves backward, the blowhole becomes smaller and the sound is low; When the body moves forward, the blowhole becomes larger and the sound is higher. This kind of playing technique is often used to express magical and ethereal artistic conception.

2. Tongue playing skills

Vomiting is a common playing technique. It is suitable for playing warm, cheerful, passionate and lively tunes, and requires firm, clean and elastic sound, even and stable rhythm.

Vomiting is a common playing technique. Suitable for playing warm, cheerful, passionate and lively tunes. Vomiting can be divided into single vomiting (including single external vomiting and single internal vomiting), Shuang Tu, mild vomiting, gas vomiting and lip vomiting.

On the basis of keeping the correct mouth shape, the tongue naturally goes up, slightly sticks to the inner edge of the lip, and quickly retracts when exhaling, so that the airflow rushes into the water jet hole to make a short and powerful sound, similar to the sound of "spitting".

On the basis of keeping the correct mouth shape, the root of the tongue retracts to block the upper palate, and when exhaling, the root of the tongue moves forward quickly, so that the airflow rushes into the water jet hole and makes a short and powerful sound, similar to the "library" sound.

Shuang Tu is a combination of single internal vomiting and single external vomiting, which is twice as fast as single vomiting. Its sound is similar to "spitting library" or "spitting library", and it is suitable for playing cheerful and passionate tunes.

Vomiting requires a firm, clean and elastic voice, and a uniform and stable rhythm.

There is no essential difference between light spitting and ordinary spitting, but the range of tongue activity is short and small, the intensity of spitting is weakened, and the sound is light and soft, similar to the "zone" sound, just like the light bow of a stringed instrument, which is suitable for expressing lyric happiness.

Exhale depends on the sudden contraction of abdominal force, and the strong upward support of diaphragm makes the airflow rush into the water jet hole briefly and forcefully to make a sound. Similar to the "shout" sound, the exhalation sound is rich and mellow, but it is not used much because of its slow exhalation speed, and it is only used occasionally under special circumstances.

Lip vomiting relies on the strength of the muscles of the upper and lower lips. When the upper and lower lips are consciously opened and closed, the impact of the abdominal airflow is used to input the airflow into the blowing hole to make a sound. Similar to the sound of "slapping", lip vomiting has a soft pronunciation and is only suitable for the attack of weak music or special circumstances.

A flowered tongue is a tongue. The tip of the tongue gently touches the upper jaw, so that the tip of the tongue vibrates rapidly while exhaling, making a "beep, beep" sound. Flower tongue sounds are like fingers plucking music, only used for special needs.

3. Finger playing skills

Tremolo: it is the action of opening and closing the whole hole quickly with your fingers, which makes the sound fluctuate. The most commonly used vibrato is big, small, three and four vibrato, which can be flexibly used according to the characteristics and styles of different works. Tremolo practice is the most important part of finger movement skills, which requires fingers to be flexible and elastic.

Slippery: A common playing technique, which is often used in humorous, deep and sad music. This technique greatly enriches the expressive force. Sliding is divided into three types: sliding, sliding and sliding.

1, slide up: after playing the original sound, the finger slides up to the second sound without trace (the pitch is higher than the original sound), and the expiratory intensity also increases accordingly. 2. Descending sound: After playing the local sound, the finger slides down to the second sound (lower than the local sound) without trace, and the exhalation intensity decreases accordingly.

3. Slippery: The finger moves up or down to the second tone without trace, and then returns to the original position, and simultaneously presses the sliding tone and the sliding tone. Slippery, also known as polyphony, is a combination of upper and lower tones.

sly/tricky

The timbre requires that the timbre is round and clean, and the rhythm is accurate. The beginning of each slide is a light spit; In addition, don't be nervous when wiping your fingers. It is advisable to keep it in a natural state. The voice should be soft and smooth, and you can't hear a trace. Make a sound, generally speaking.

A short decorative tone used at the end of a phrase and before the end of a local sound, also known as tone transmission. Gift sound is a kind of decorative sound, which hardly takes up the duration of local sound. I can hear it, but it's not obvious. The performance should be short, light and fast, and the ventilation should be timely and accurate.

That's true.

Overlapping sound: A short overlapping sound that is two, three or four degrees higher than the local pitch, and the flower drops to the local sound. When playing the overlapping sound, you should open and close your fingers quickly, and do all the movements of the tone, but don't play it as an obvious decorative sound. You should concentrate on the book, leaving only traces of sound. Overlapping sounds vary in length and should be used flexibly according to works with different styles and characteristics.

beat

Tone: Playing the local sound hole or the sound hole below the local sound hole with your fingers to make the local sound hole emit a separated sound is called playing. Beat is also a common playing technique, which can add color and beauty to music if used properly. In practice,

To exercise the speed and strength of your fingers, you should not hesitate to point down, your fingers should play hard, you should distinguish homophones, phrases should be coherent and notes should be clear. The combination of qi and finger should be clean and neat.

When tapping and vibrato overlap, tapping first and then vibrato sounds like the feeling of appearing at the same time. Remember: close connection and tacit cooperation.

empty

Playing the sound hole with your fingers makes the body cavity emit * * * sounds, which is called blank play. Don't play when playing blank, open the local sound hole and play the sound hole that has been played. Pitch depends on hearing and controlling the angle of blowing hole with lips.

Small adjustment. Playing in the air requires strong and elastic fingers and accurate pronunciation, which is enough to play profound and implicit melodies and imitate some special acoustic effects in nature.