Hakka culture in Guangzhou, Guangdong

At present, there are no fewer than 2 million Hakkas in Guangzhou. Some of them are distributed in Zengcheng District, Huadu District and Conghua District around Guangzhou, especially Zengcheng and Huadu. Zengcheng has the largest number of Hakkas, about 400,000, and Huadu has about 300,000. The other part is in the suburbs of Guangzhou. The most Hakka areas in Guangzhou suburbs are Taihe Town in Baiyun District, Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District and Hongqiao Street in Yuexiu District, especially Kemulang Village and Yushatan Village in Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District, which are the purest Hakka villages in Guangzhou suburbs. More than 98% of the residents and villagers are Hakkas.

1. These Hakkas mainly live in concentrated areas. Do these typical buildings, Hakka dragon houses, still exist?

Taihe Town, Baiyun District 1, Fenghuang Street, Tianhe District, Hongqiao Street, Yuexiu District, in the suburbs of Guangzhou, there are almost no dragon houses. But there should still be Baiyun District. But they are all mixed in cement houses, and they can't see the taste of the Dragon Family. In Huadu District, where more than 300,000 Hakkas live, there is no pure dragon house. Up to now, the typical buildings of Hakka dragon house are still preserved, and Zengcheng is the most obvious. For example, Shiwu Village, Gangpu Village, Laoliu Village and Xinwei Village have well-preserved Hakka paddock buildings. The Hakka enclosed houses in Shiwu Village and Xinwei Village of Dengcun Village are square, also called quadrangular buildings. Gangpu Village and Laoliu Village are dragon houses. What I want to mention here is that the style and form of Hakka residential buildings have experienced continuous development and evolution, and there have been residential buildings such as Yuan House, Wei Long House, Zouma House and Sijiaolou, among which Wei Long House is the most representative.

2. Shiwu Village in Dengcun is located in Paitan Town, Zengcheng City, and it is an ancient village with distinctive Hakka enclosed houses in Lingnan. Most of the villagers in the village are surnamed Shi, and the ancestors of Kaicun moved here during the Qianlong period. This village has a history of more than 240 years. There is a half-moon pond, a peaceful fence and a threshing floor in front of the village. There are three rows of paved Marsh Road in the open space in front of the village. There are two gatehouses on the left and right sides of the village, and three doors are open on the front of the village house. There are brick and wood houses as high as the wall around, and there are gun holes in the house. There are eaves and verandahs between the main hall and the ancestral hall, so you can walk between closed houses without getting caught in the rain. There is also a six-story bunker building in the village.

3. The Hakka Dragon Enclosure in Aotougangpu Village, the central town of Zengcheng, was built in the 22nd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1683) and has been listed as a cultural relic protection unit under internal control in Guangzhou. According to the village history, his family, headed by Chen Rulan, moved here from Xingmeijiaoling, built a house and lived there for more than 320 years. The plane of the dragon enclosure is half-moon-shaped, and there are pile walls around the enclosure. The middle part of the whole Dragon House is the ancestral hall, with two depths. Outside the ancestral hall, there are more than 20 fan-shaped ring houses. In front of the flat outside the enclosure is a half-moon pond as big as the enclosure. This is a classic building with a small pocket-sized dragon fence.

Secondly, the customs of Hakka people in Guangfu and ancestral village are harmonious.

1. Are there any Hakkas living in these Dragon Houses in Zengcheng? Are all the Hakkas living here? There are still many people living in Longwu and Siheyuan, but not all of them are Hakkas. The Hakka community in Zengcheng has obviously different characteristics. When Hakkas first entered Zengcheng to live, there were roughly three situations: first, they lived in broken villages; Second, the "miscellaneous place" is in the local village; The third is to open another village farm and build it. According to the investigation and statistics of Zengcheng Local Records Office 199 1, among the 398 administrative villages in the county, there are 34 pure Cantonese villages1,90 pure Hakka villages and 74 mixed Cantonese villages. Therefore, Zengcheng has formed a unique phenomenon of Hakka and Guangfu people living in the same village.

2. Laoliu Village, located in Yuecun Village, Zhengguo Town, Zengcheng City, is the largest enclosure building in Guangzhou and the enclosure house with the largest number of original residents. It is said that there are still hundreds of people living in the village, and most of the villagers are surnamed Liu. This village was originally a retrocessor named Liu, who moved here during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. He is a traditional resident of Guangzhou, but in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), a flood occurred, and the farms in the village were completely destroyed by the flood. Therefore, the villagers specially invited Liu Lai, a Hakka brother with financial resources and prestige, to rebuild the farm in the village. After Xianfeng was completed in three years, half of it was given to local people, and the direction and location were decided by drawing lots. As a result, Liu, a native, was taken to the East Wing, and Liu, a Hakka, was taken to the West Wing. Liu, a native, and Liu Ye, a Hakka, sacrificed their ancestral tablets in the same ancestral hall. The two sides live in harmony and live together. So far, local Liu and Hakka Liu are brothers.

3. There are also local Zhao and Hakka Zhao in Gaoche Natural Village, Wulian Administrative Village, Zengcheng Central Town. There are more than 600 people in the village, and Hakkas account for one third. Hakka "Ice Xian Zhao Ancestral Temple" sits east to west, and the other branch hall sits west to east; The local Zhao's ancestral hall goes north. According to the memories of the local elderly, the two temples were built at the same time, with a history of about 300 years. The local Zhao moved from Hefuling in Sino-Singapore, and the Hakka Zhao moved from Zijin. According to legend, Zhao, the eleventh ancestor of Zhao, went to Zijin to invite Mr. Feng Shui (speaking of the Guangzhou exam) and met the Hakka Feng Shui master. According to the genealogy, he was originally a brother, Bingxian belonged to the second family and Deng Yun belonged to the third family. The two immediately came to live in the sharp thorn, and Zhao and the local Hakka Zhao have been brothers for hundreds of years.

Hakkas and local Guangfu people have lived in harmony for one hundred years. Has Hakka architecture been influenced by Guangfu people? Will the customs of Hakka and Guangfu people penetrate each other?

1, Hakka architecture is certainly influenced by Guangfu architecture. What impressed me the most was that the basin-ear-sealed volcanic wall is a feature of Guangfu architecture, but this kind of basin-ear-sealed volcanic wall can also be seen in Hakka Dragon House. For example, the wall of Tang Rui's family school in Laoliu Village was sealed with pot ears.

2. In terms of customs, after entering Zengcheng, Hakka people do as the Romans do, and many customs follow Guangfu people. So there are many similarities between beliefs and customs. For example, they believe in He Xiangu, Cowboy Buddha (the Buddha of Zhengguo) and Hong Sheng Wang (the King of Hongli Hong Sheng in Nanhai). The festivals on New Year's Eve are basically the same. During the Spring Festival, the "Lantern Festival" (known as "chandelier" by Hakkas), the burning of gun heads (also known as grabbing gun heads) and the setting off of fireworks are basically the same as those of Guangfu people, but the time is different and the scale is different. In addition, there is an anti-disaster activity in Hakka villages. Some Hakkas fight alone, and some Hakkas fight with Guangfu village people for a period of five or ten years. However, this kind of fighting activity is no longer seen.

4. With the changes of the times, what other traditional customs of Hakka people are still circulating today? -The traditional customs that are still circulating today, the most typical ones should be jumping the spring ox and singing Hakka folk songs.

1, Spring Cattle Dance is performed by local cattle and farmers, symbolically showing people the arrival of Spring Farming Festival and urging farmers to mulberry. It is a festive activity of the festival, including entering and leaving cattle, whipping spring cattle, fighting for spring cattle, buying spring cattle, making spring cattle, sending spring cattle, commenting on spring cattle, drawing spring cattle, posting spring cattle pictures and so on. , indicating a new life. After the Song Dynasty, the Hakkas who moved south from Zengcheng, including Yonghe, Zhongxin, Licheng, Zengjiang and Zhengguo Hakkas in Chengxiang, and Paitan and Xiao Lou Hakkas in Changning, still retain the custom of dancing spring cows in the Central Plains, and have evolved from dancing around them to singing them today. The annual Spring Cattle Dance is usually held during the Spring Festival or ploughing season.

2. Jumping Spring Cattle is very popular in the Hakka community in Zengcheng, Guangzhou. It is usually held in the Spring Festival or the farming season every year. People affectionately praise the hard-working and silent oxen. People who dress up as spring cows and whip them jump into spring cows, and use props and scenes such as cows, Niu Geng, whipping cows and eating grass. Laugh at each other or express love. The actors and the audience cheered in unison, and the atmosphere was strong and harmonious, showing a blessing for future life.

3. According to the series of works of Guangdong Folk Cultural Heritage Rescue Project "Guangdong Folk Tales Collection Guangzhou Zengcheng Volume", in Zengcheng's Spring Cattle Dance Program, "Spring Cattle" is usually performed by an actor, from dancing in the hands like a pet to dancing in the belly like a real cow. When you come out, tell a few jokes to make you laugh and arouse the atmosphere. For example, the whip cow duet "Red whip in hand, red over the red envelope hanging in the corner" You sang well in spring, and there was a hole in the cow's back. "Spring Cow" replied, "When beating gongs and drums, Yamei speaks well. Well, since the cowboy paper is tied, the back is just right. "

4. The cow's movements are simple, but with the singing or teasing of the whip cow, he shakes his head and wags his tail, accepting praise and jokes. There are many actions of whipping cattle. They sing and pat the cows in spring. Every time they shoot, they are singing songs, riding cows, driving cows, pulling cows, whipping cows, driving cows to plow fields, and so on. Some of them are holding plows, rakes and other farm tools, and some are unarmed, but their movements are very realistic and slightly flawed. Onlookers can sing and ask, "Coweyes stare, but Yamei is not good at farming." Tintin is round and round, but it doesn't work in the middle? "The performer immediately took it and answered the question:" Gong and drums are loud, and Diego is also good at it. Agriculture still needs water to flourish, leaving the middle as a fish pond. "

5. Interestingly, the dancing spring cattle in Paitan, Zengcheng and Yonghe, Xintang, have all shown in their lives that the landlord and his daughter fell in love with driving to Niu Ge, falling in love with their brothers and sisters, dancing and singing, beating gongs and drums, and singing once. As a folk song, cows are compared to people, which has a unique artistic conception.

6. Singing Hakka folk songs has always been popular in Hakka villages in the suburbs of Guangzhou. For example, Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District and Hongqiao Street in Yuexiu District have set up Hakka folk song associations, which organize monthly fighting folk song gatherings: on June 12, Yuexiu Park Square battery has formed a lively Hakka "folk song market"; On the 28th of every month, the duet in Phoenix Street is the most lively, and it is crowded with neighborhoods singing folk songs. Hakka folk song market is a unique space for Guangzhou Hakka cultural community to identify with each other in emotion, interest and lifestyle. It is said that many people in Guangzhou or other provinces who can't speak Hakka dialect have joined the Hakka Folk Songs Association because they are infected by beautiful Hakka folk songs. I think the integration of Hakkas and Guangfu people, even with foreigners, can also be used as another face to witness the changes in Guangzhou.

Five, Hakka folk songs market

1.In the 1940s, Hakkas from Xingning, Guangdong Province came here one after another to set up cloth factories or workshops in Jiaohongqiao Street, Yuexiu Mountain, and engaged in the production of dyeing and weaving industry. Most of the workers employed by private bosses are Hakkas in their hometown. When these workers established themselves here, they gradually attracted villagers to visit relatives and friends. The Hakka community here has grown and become the main residents of this area.

2. Hou Zhuo, the stationmaster of Hongqiao Street Cultural Station in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou and the president of Guangzhou Hongqiao Hakka Folk Song Association, told the reporter: At that time, there were two famous dyeing and weaving factories in Hongqiao generation, one was the third dyeing and weaving factory and the other was the eighth dyeing and weaving factory. Most workers in the factory are Hakkas. After work, workers often get together on the hill where Yuexiu Mountain Sifang Fort is located next to Hongqiao, chatting, bragging and singing folk songs, which can not only entertain themselves, but also eliminate fatigue. At the same time, listening to familiar folk songs can also help them understand homesickness. These hills are uneven. Later, some Hakkas cut down some weeds on this mountain and sorted out a small piece of flat land. As a result, more and more people chat on this flat land every night, and the voice of singing folk songs every night is getting louder and louder. Because Hakkas often sing folk songs on the hills of Sifangbao in Yuexiu Mountain, they are called "Hakka Mountain" by the citizens here.

3. However, although there are many people singing Hakka folk songs every night, the day with the most people singing Hakka folk songs every month is 12. Hou Zhuo said that at that time, the days when factories around Hongqiao Street "produced grain" (paid wages) were about every month 12. On the day when the workers were paid, they all came to the Hakka mountain house to get together, and they were happy and sang folk songs one after another. Over time, the day of 12 every month has formed the day when the most Hakka people gather, accompanied by the enduring Hakka folk songs. As a result, every month on 12, the square battery in Yuexiu Park forms a lively Hakka "folk song market". Later, due to road expansion, land acquisition and other reasons, two dyeing and weaving factories disappeared, and many Hakkas moved to other places to live. Although it is rare for fellow villagers who met late in the past to get together because of their scattered places of residence, the nostalgia of Hakka people is closely linked. The 12 of each month becomes a major festival for Hakka gatherings. After dinner, Hakkas will go to Yuexiu Mountain to party, sing songs and exchange information about their hometown. Now, the Hakka folk songs "Geyou" in Guangzhou, including Panyu, Zengcheng and Huadu, will come here and sing folk songs on the hills of Sifang Fort. The scene is very spectacular, and thousands of people often participate.

Intransitive verb Hakka folk song competition

1. Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District is a very pure Hakka village. More than 98% of the residents and villagers are Hakkas. Because the villagers are all Hakkas, the folk songs of Fenghuang Street have also become the spontaneous original ecological entertainment of the villagers.

2. The Hakka folk songs in Fenghuang Street have a history of nearly 300 years. Where villagers are concentrated, there are often special "song fairs". At present, there are fixed song concerts such as "Fish Beach Market", "Kemulang Park" and "Yinpailing Park". Generally, the folk song market starts at around 7: 00 in the morning and lasts until around noon 1. The 8th,18th, 28th of each month is the Song Fair Day. The 8th was held in Yinpailing,18th was held in Kemulang Park, and 28th was held in Fish Beach Market. Not only that, every morning or evening, there are still many middle-aged people singing Hakka folk songs loudly at the Fish Beach Cultural Square and the north gate of Kemulang Huoshan Park. Later, because singing folk songs in Geshi could not satisfy the enthusiasm of Fenghuang Street for folk songs, from 2005 to 20 10, Fenghuang Street held the Hakka Folk Song Challenge every year around the Spring Festival, attracting folk song lovers from Huadu, Luogang, Yuexiu and even Meixian and Wuhua. The scene is very lively.