The development history of the Jewish nation

Jews are people who originally referred to the Jewish tribe (one of the tribes of Israel 12) or the Kingdom of Judah (the Kingdom of Israel was opposed to the Kingdom of Israel established by the northern tribe 10 after the division of Israel). All Jews were originally called Hebrews, and they were also called Israelis from the time they occupied Palestine to the time they were exiled to Babylon in Zhu Zu. After living in exile, only the people who originally belonged to the Kingdom of Judah maintained their own national characteristics, and other 10 tribes were dispersed and assimilated into other peoples after Assyria destroyed the northern kingdom in 72 1 BC. So the word Jew only refers to people who originally belonged to the kingdom of Judah.

Jews of all factions admit that Jewish women are Jews, while reformers believe that Jews are Jews only if their parents are Jews. Generally speaking, from a purely religious point of view, a community that has lived in a non-Jewish environment for generations and retained many basic teachings of Judaism is regarded as a real Jew as a whole, but as an individual, such people cannot marry Jews at will.

Jews are all over the world, including 5.8 million in the United States, 4.42 million in Israel, 600,000 in France, 600,000 in Russia, 446,000 in Ukraine, 360,000 in Canada, 300,000 in Britain, 250,000 in Argentina, 654.38+065.438+04,000 in South Africa and 654.38+00,654 in Australia.

The history of Jews in the Biblical era began in the first 500 years of the second millennium BC. The ancestors were Abraham, his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob. A famine throughout the country forced Jacob and his sons, the ancestors of twelve tribes in Israel, to move to Egypt, where their descendants became slaves. Centuries later, Moses led the people out of Egypt, out of slavery, towards freedom and finally back to Israel. They wandered in desert of sinai for 40 years, where they formed a country, accepted the laws of Moses, including the Ten Commandments, and the monotheism founded by their ancestors began to take shape.

Under Joshua's command, Israeli tribes conquered Israel and settled down, but they often only unite under the leadership of the leader known as the "judge" when they are threatened from outside. BC 1028, Sol established a monarchy; His successor David unified the tribes and established their capital in Jerusalem in 1000 BC. Solomon, the son of David, developed the kingdom into a prosperous commercial power and built the temple of monotheism in Israel in Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that during Solomon's reign, important city trade centers were established in some fortified towns, such as Xiasuo, Megiddo and Geji. After Solomon's death, the country split into two kingdoms: one is the kingdom of Israel, with its capital in Samaria; One is the Jewish kingdom with Jerusalem as its capital. The two kingdoms coexisted for two centuries, ruled by Jewish kings, and warned by prophets to safeguard social justice and abide by the law.

In 722 BC, the kingdom of Israel was occupied by Assyrians, and the people were forced into exile (known as the "lost ten tribes" in history). In 586 BC, the Jewish kingdom was conquered by the Babylonians. The invaders destroyed the temple in Jerusalem and sent most of the Jews to Babylon.

During the period of Jewish autonomy (538-60 BC), the Babylonian Empire was conquered by Persians in 539 BC. After that, many Jews returned to Judah (the homeland of Israel) to rebuild the temple in Jerusalem, and the Jewish way of life in their homeland was restored. In the next four centuries, Jews enjoyed a great degree of autonomy under the rule of Persians and ancient Greeks. The Seleuc dynasty in Syria took a series of measures to ban the religious belief of Jews, which led to the uprising led by the Macabies family in 168 BC, and then established an independent Jewish kingdom, which was ruled by the Jewish king of Haas Monic dynasty for about 80 years.

Foreign rule (60 BC-AD 1948) Since 60 BC, the country has been weakened by civil strife and increasingly controlled by Rome. In order to get rid of Roman rule, the Jews launched another uprising, the biggest one of which broke out in 66 AD. After four years of fighting, the Romans conquered Judea in 70 AD, burned down the Second Temple and exiled many Jews in China. The last resistance of Jews to Rome was that more than 1000 people were trapped in the castle on the top of Masaadeh. The rebellion ended in 73 AD with the collective suicide of the defenders. It became a symbol of the Jews' struggle for freedom in their own land.

Under the rule of Rome (70-3 13) and Byzantium (3 13-636), Jewish society continued to maintain and develop its own legal, educational and cultural systems in its own land. In the 2nd century A.D., Jewish law involved all aspects of life, and was compiled into the oral law "Missina Sutra", and then expanded into the Talmud Sutra in the 3rd-5th century A.D. ... Some of these laws were later revised according to the situation, and Jews who abide by the canon still abide by these laws.

Another attempt by Jews to regain national sovereignty was the Barkohba Uprising in A.D. 132, which led to the establishment of an independent Jewish enclave in Judea with Jerusalem as its capital. However, three years later, the Romans defeated Balkoba. In order to sever the ties between Jews and their homeland, they renamed Jerusalem Elijah capito Linna and renamed the country Balestina.

Since the 7th century, the country has been successively divided into Arabs (6 13- 109 1), Seljuks (1091-0/099), Crusaders (/kloc-0). The Ottoman Empire was ruled by Turks (1517-1917) and British (19 18- 1948). Rulers in different periods arbitrarily changed boundaries and names. The palace built by the conquerors is a historical testimony of their rule over this land.

Although there are fewer and fewer Jews because of thousands of years of alien rule, Jews have always maintained their presence in this homeland, and the Jewish population has been increasing with the return of Jews scattered in various countries. By the middle of19th century, the sparse Jewish population had surged.

For centuries, Zionism, hoping to return to Zion one day (Zion, traditionally synonymous with Jerusalem and Israel's homeland), has been the pillar of life for Jews scattered around the world. By the end of 19, Jews in eastern Europe were constantly oppressed and persecuted, while Jews in western Europe were increasingly disillusioned with formal liberation, which neither ended racial discrimination nor integrated Jews into their own society. Zionism came into being as a national liberation movement. From 65438 to 0897, theodor herzl held the first Zionist Congress in Basel. At the meeting, the Zionist movement became a formal political organization, calling on Jews to return to their homeland Israel and revive Jewish national life in their ancestral homeland.

Inspired by Zionism, thousands of Jews began to return home. At that time, this homeland was still a part of the Ottoman Empire, sparsely populated and ignored by the world. Early pioneers drained swamps, reclaimed wasteland, planted trees on bare mountains, established industries and built cities and villages here. They established community institutions and service facilities, and restored Hebrew, which had long been used only for worship and literature, to daily life.

1922, based on the consideration of "Jews have historical ties with Palestine (the homeland of Israel)" and "rebuilding Jewish homeland in that country", the International Alliance of Two Nationalities entrusted Britain to rule this land, and specially instructed Britain to "create various political, administrative and economic environments for this country to ensure the establishment of Jewish homeland."

In the same year, Britain established the United Arab Emirates (today's Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan) outside Arabia on three-quarters of the territory of this trust territory, leaving only the area west of the Jordan River for the development of Jewish homes. Arab extremist leaders even oppose the establishment of Jewish homes in such a small area. They instigated attacks on the Jewish community and even attacked Arabs who advocated Arab-Jewish relations. British restrictions on Jewish immigration and settlement did not stop Arab militants, and violent incidents occurred frequently until the outbreak of World War II.

During World War II, the Nazis killed about 6 million European Jews, including 6.5438+0.5 million children. After the war, despite the urgent need to find refuge for Jews who survived the Nazi Holocaust, Britain did not cancel the Jewish immigration quota. To explain this stamp: Anna Frank and her family fled Nazi persecution in this house for two years in response to the British policy of restricting immigration. The native Jewish community, together with Jews all over the world, mobilized all human and material resources and organized an "illegal" immigration movement to transfer 85,000 refugees from Europe to their homeland.

Arabs oppose Jews settling in their homeland, while Jews insist on lifting the restrictions on Jewish immigration. Britain handed over the problem to the United Nations without mediation. 1On October 29th, the United Nations General Assembly voted to establish two countries in the West Bank: a Jewish state and an Arab state. Jews accepted Ding's partition plan, while Arabs rejected it.

State Status 1948 18 On May 4th, the British trusteeship ended, and the Jews immediately declared the establishment of the State of Israel. Less than 24 hours later, the armies of five Arab countries invaded the new country. This war of Israeli independence has been going on and off for more than a year. 1in July, 949, an armistice agreement was signed with neighboring Arab countries based on the ceasefire line.