Traditional residential area form

1) Dialect situation: In the residential area where Fulao people and Guangfu people crisscross, dialects are mainly used to distinguish people, and dialects are the symbol to distinguish Fulao people from Guangfu people. Although Guangfu dialect is also widely used in this area, its language is mainly Li, and the communication language of Fulao people in this area is Li. In fact, there is a big difference between Guangfu people and Fulao people in this area, that is, Guangfu people are generally not familiar with Li dialect. After all, Fulao people are a dialect island formed in Dianbai, Maonan and Maogang districts, and they are a relatively weak group in the whole region. Their culture lives in the crevice of Guangfu culture, only Guangfu culture has a great influence on their culture, while their culture has a weak influence on Guangfu culture, which is manifested in language. Since Guangfu dialect and Northern Mandarin are used as social communication languages, Li dialect is only used as Fulao language. Another situation is that the Fulao people have become Guangfu people, which is widespread in this area. Their original dialect has been diluted, mainly or completely dealing with Guangfu dialect. Then I also think that they already belong to the family of Guangfu people and exist. These situations will also be analyzed below.

(2) Village form: Maonan District and Maogang District are interlaced residential areas, mainly the alluvial plain in the middle and lower reaches of Meihua River, and the land is not very fertile. These two areas are poor in land, and the disasters of floods, droughts and wind insects are serious in history, so they are famous disaster areas. Maonan nationality is thin and dry, and its development is late. During the Qianlong period, the emperor granted tax exemption in view of the fact that Gaozhou families had written to reclaim their land. At that time, there were few villages in Maonan area, but now most of the villages in the suburbs have only developed in the past two or three hundred years. Due to population reproduction and agricultural development, many villages in urban areas gradually formed settlements from the middle of Qing Dynasty. This is also influenced by Kangxi's ban on maritime immigration in the Qing Dynasty. For Meihuajiang river basin, the advantage of water resources is naturally the first choice for developing residential areas. In my opinion, the Meihuajiang river basin is also a major inhabited area of Guangfu ethnic group after the Li Yue ethnic group was sinicized into Guangfu ethnic group, which is the reason why Meihuajiang formed the interlaced inhabited area and natural boundary between Fulao ethnic group and Guangfu ethnic group. The ancient Maonan area is sparsely populated, which also brings opportunities for the expansion of the Fulao people. In modern times, due to the increase of population, the cultivated land in this area decreased, the migration situation gradually slowed down, the villages were basically fixed, and the village scale began to develop. Located in the plain area, the village scale is relatively large, but it is built on the barren ridge, which limits the development of the village scale. The villages of the rich and the old are relatively large. Because of their strong cohesion, unity and clan concept, they like to live in groups to resist external forces. At the same time, land is not a factor limiting their group life. They have a strong business ability and can have room for development to the outside world.

(3) Surnames: There are quite a few villages with single surnames in this area, among which the villages with single surnames and main surnames account for a relatively large proportion, while the villages with single surnames and main surnames of Guangfu people are less than those of rich people, and there are also many villages with mixed surnames. This is because the formation of Guangfu nationality is different from that of the old nationality. Guangfu is an indigenous clan with a long history and development, and its clan concept is not as strong as that of the rich and old clan. Villages with mixed surnames are easy to form and develop. Rich people are latecomers, with strong clan concept, and it is easy to form a village with a unique surname through migration and development. The most common surnames of Fulao people are Zheng, Chen, Wu, Liu, Li, Yang, Lin, Ni and Liang, while those of Guangfu people are Huang, Li, Liang, Xu, Ke, Chen, Zhang, Xu and Deng. However, some surnames of Guangfu clan were also formed by Minnan immigrants, such as Xu, Ke, Yang, Chen and Wu. The Fulao people also have surnames evolved from Guangfu people, such as Xian, Feng and Chen. From the analysis of surname pedigree, we can see the changes of some ethnic groups in this area. A typical example is Wushi, which is the most popular surname of the Aotou Fulao people. In the process of moving westward, the surname Wu evolved into Guangfu clan, which was distributed in Pengcun and Wushi villages in Zhensheng. They have basically spoken Guangfu dialect. This evolution from the Fulao ethnic group to the Guangfu ethnic group is very common in the later period, and there are also cases in which Guangfu ethnic group evolved into the Fulao ethnic group. For example, the residents of Hepoxin in Maogang District speak Li, but this situation became rare in the later period, which is still the result of the weak culture of Fulao nationality. In addition, the Fulao clan actively expanded, while the Guangfu clan rarely expanded to the Fulao clan's residence, which is naturally due to the Fulao clan's character. Because the Fulao nationality has strong cohesion and resistance to foreign clans, it has formed a local group advantage, and it is difficult for the Guangfu nationality to enter their territory. The evolution of Wu surname can illustrate this situation. They entered the residence of Guangfu clan and were surrounded by residents who spoke Guangfu dialect. Gradually, they also forgot the original dialect, mainly Guangfu dialect. The expansion of Fulao nationality can be studied from the place names of Guyue. There are many ancient Yue place names in the area where the Fulao people live, such as Poxin, Tanlu, Sanqiao, Boluo, Luduan, Luofu, Tanpi, Tanlian, seven places, Nagen, Nazeng, Nalou, Huajian, and rice in Shayuan. In Qijing Wengong Village, Maogang District, the living remains of Guli nationality are still preserved, and there are many ancient Yue place names in the area where Guangfu nationality is located.

(4) Wushu ethos: Wushu ethos is the characteristic of this area. Fulao people inherited the martial tradition of Fujian people in southern Fujian. Fujian is narrow and densely populated, and its residents are brave. The struggle between clan villages in Fujian is very fierce. Following the custom, this tradition also existed among Minnan immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Fulao inhabited area of Maoming area, martial arts is mainly in the inhabited area interlaced with Guangfu ethnic group. The Fulao people in this area moved from southern Fujian late and needed to expand after they arrived, so martial arts was a very useful means, while the early Minnan immigrants in Dianbai County were not strong in martial arts. As we know, the martial arts atmosphere in Aotou and Zhensheng is very strong, and there are many martial arts practitioners. Their martial arts schools are mainly inherited from Fujian. At the same time, there were many generals in this area during the Republic of China. Famous Lieutenant General Deng Longguang (Zhensheng Baisha), Lieutenant General Chen Pei (Meihua Pozai), Lieutenant General Liang Zhongjiang (Meihua Song Cun), Lieutenant General Deng E (Zhensheng Baisha), Lieutenant General Li Yixue (Poxin Zhengcun), Major General Ni Dinghuan (Meihua Ancient Village) and Major General Liang Wen (Major General Liang Wen).

(5) Business awareness: Business is not necessarily their talent, but the influence of land factors and migration factors. The expansion and migration of population made them embark on the road of business, thus forming their tradition of business. They are not necessarily smart or talented in business, but they are better at professionalism, hard work and drive, and have traditional business sense. This can be seen from the business situation in Maoming. Big companies are not necessarily made by rich people. They are a very successful group, focusing on the fine and professional business tradition and running a seemingly insignificant small business to the extreme.

(6) Land status: The population of the Fulao people is expanding very fast, which also leads to their continuous immigration. When the population expands, the land will be tight and the land will not be enough to feed the population. There will be many situations: first, immigration; Second, for the land, the struggle is serious; The third is to change the situation of only managing land, that is, going to the sea for business, studying and serving as a soldier. This is the case in Fujian Province itself. In this staggered residential area, the same situation has appeared in modern times, so the above situation has also appeared. The land in this area is not fertile, and there are not many mountains, but in the plains, the population growth rate is more serious than that in the mountains. China was a society dominated by agriculture in ancient times. Without land, there would be no survival. Before liberation, there were also many big landlords in this area, and their families had great influence, such as Xu, Deng, Chen and other landlord bureaucrats. The land is mainly concentrated in the hands of these big landlords, which further aggravates the land shortage.

(7) Cultural talents: In the past, the cultural education in this area was not more developed than that in other areas of Maoming. This can be observed from the number of applicants for the college entrance examination and the number of high scores. Is it because of the running-in between ethnic groups, economic backwardness and lack of attention to education? In addition, the martial arts atmosphere here is stronger than the reading atmosphere, and small farmers and small enterprises are not rich for the time being, leading to overall backwardness. However, due to their courage, loyalty, shrewdness and sincere unity, more and more elite talents have emerged in modern society, and they have made achievements not only politically but also economically.

(7) Religious ancestral temple: Fulao people bring strong clan culture. There are many temples here, which are very well preserved. For example, Guangfu Temple in Meihua Market, a cultural relic protection unit in Maonan District, Futi Temple in Meihua, Chen's Ancestral Hall, Temple and Aotou Temple in Meihua Coconut Village are all related to Yang, and Futi Temple is Wu's Ancestral Hall, not to mention Chen's Ancestral Hall. Therefore, the elements belonging to Minnan culture in cultural form account for the majority.

(8) Festivals: Festivals, a special festival in Maoming area, are very popular in staggered residential areas, but they are not very popular in Dianbai Fulao ethnic residential areas far away from staggered residential areas. Maonan District and Wuchuan City, which once belonged to Maoming area, were the most prosperous years in Maoming area. This festival should have originated from Guangfu clan. Of course, this festival is popular among the three clans in Maoming area, which also shows the cultural integration of the three.

The Fulao people in this area migrated later than those in the eastern coast of Dianbai County, so they can be distinguished in language. The dialects of Shuidong, Nanhai, Chencun, Shayuan, Liang Xiao, Qi Jing, Poxin, Lintou, Xia Dong, Meihua, Aotou and Shi Lan in and around the staggered residential areas are Li, while Diancheng and Lingshi dialects in the eastern coast of Dianbai County are more popular. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Fu-Lao immigrants along the eastern coast of Dianbai County began to migrate and settle down (even so, Dianbai County also has a large number of ancient Yue place names, such as Dianbai County, Bohe Town, Magang Town, Luokeng Town, Nahuo Town, Mamao Village, Lu Yue Village and Nala Village, etc. ), and some Fulao immigrants in the ecotone even moved from Fujian in the Qing Dynasty, crisscrossing with Guangfu people. The staggered residential area between Fulao people and Guangfu people in Maoming area is not the core area of Fulao culture, nor is it the core area of Guangfu culture. The two meet and conflict here, and finally the integration of cultures. The main direction of this integration is the integration of Guangfu culture. Guangfu culture is the mainstream culture in Maoming area. With the development of modernization, Guangfu culture and Fu Lao culture are also converging to the Han culture in China, and their respective characteristics are getting weaker and weaker. The existence of Fulao nationality and its culture in this area also shows that before the earliest, it was mainly the cultural area of Guangfu nationality, and Fulao nationality was a latecomer. Although they and Dianbai County have formed the Fulao Cultural Zone and its dialect island, they are surrounded by Guangfu culture, and their language (familiarity with Guangfu dialect), customs and religious beliefs are close to Guangfu culture to a great extent, and they have absorbed a lot of Guangfu culture. Of course, they also maintain their own characteristics in language (Minnan dialect), religious beliefs, customs and habits, and form a sub-culture of Chinese culture in Guangdong.

Looking for Maoming s custom of providing for the aged;

1. Eat Ai (begging) on poor days?

The last day of the first lunar month is "Authentic Festival", which means the end of the first lunar month. "Authentic Festival" has another meaning in Maoming, because the local "authentic" and "authentic" are homophonic, and "authentic" means "steaming poverty", which means bringing poor patients from into thin air. On this day, every household in rural areas drinks mugwort tea, inserts mugwort flowers and eats mugwort (begging for food)? . People go to the fields to pick wormwood, take it home, wash it, dry it, rub it into velvet, cook it in a pot, rub it dry, and rub it into wormwood (rice begging) with rice flour and brown sugar. Artemisia argyi has the functions of removing dust and deposits, eliminating disasters and ward off evil spirits; So Ai () is also called "poor, eat" poor? ",can make the body healthy, no disease and little pain, people like to eat it.

2. Cooking (begging) on 26th and 7th every year.

People in our city do this every year on December 26th or 27th of the lunar calendar? Eating habits. According to legend, Maoming used to be a barren land and no crops were born. Then came a group of people who escaped from the war. Seeing that the mountains here are continuous and there is no smoke, they will take root and open up wasteland and thrive. At first, people could only grow some miscellaneous grains such as potatoes to satisfy their hunger. In order to make full use of grain, people pound miscellaneous grains into powder with a mallet, add water, stir them into paste, and cook them to increase their volume several times, making them into cassava paste, corn paste and other foods. Later, people successfully planted rice on this land and got good harvests again and again. In order to celebrate the bumper harvest and change the taste, people pound rice into powder according to the previous method, and add simple fillings such as vegetables to make food with a certain shape and taste, which is called "begging for rice". At the beginning, people only used stem rice (commonly known as "glutinous rice") powder? Later, it was found that glutinous rice flour was more sticky, easier to shape and better in taste, so it was specially made with glutinous rice flour (rice begging), which gradually became a custom year after year.

There are many styles of glutinous rice (rice begging) in Maoming, including boiled soup (rice begging), vegetable bag (rice begging), longevity peach (rice begging), water (rice begging), sugar paste, sugar board (rice begging), hammer tart (rice begging), grey water zongzi, Ai (rice begging) and so on. Various (begging) practices are different, shapes are different, eating methods are different, and tastes are different. A few days before the Spring Festival every year, that is, on the 26th and 7th of the twelfth lunar month, people in our city began to beg for rice. On the one hand, it means to send the old and welcome the new, on the other hand, it can also prepare some. To "celebrate the New Year" (that is, to spend the old and new years at home) in order to pray for a bumper harvest and a better life in the coming year.

3. Post Spring Festival couplets to celebrate New Year's Eve.

The last day of December in the lunar calendar is New Year's Eve, which is called New Year's Eve or New Year's Eve in Maoming. On this day, the production activities in rural areas basically stopped, and every household began to paste Spring Festival couplets and door gods, and put Li on their doorknobs. Kitchen stoves, water tanks, pigsty, cowshed and grain barrel should also begin to stick a piece of Zhang Xiaohong paper to show good luck. There are also some sacrificial activities, such as preparing tables for chicken, pork and fish, burning paper and incense to worship ancestral temples, temples, countries, ancestors, kitchen gods and so on.

On the New Year's Eve, the family sat together for a reunion dinner. The reunion dinner is basically the most abundant meal of the year. People who go out usually go home for the New Year and have dinner with their families. When eating, if someone in the family goes out and doesn't come home, 1 seat and 1 pair of chopsticks should be reserved for those who go out to express their feelings, and a part of the reunion dinner should be reserved for the next day (that is, the next year). There are many dishes in the reunion dinner, but there must be fish, which means more than a year.

After the reunion dinner is done, every family should worship their ancestors first. After the sacrifice, the food for ancestor worship was reheated, and a big table was set in the hall, and the whole family gathered around. This is a wonderful time for every family to get together.

That night, elders will give their children lucky money and put some raw garlic, mushrooms, sugar cane and glutinous rice at home? , fried piles, fruits, steamed sugar cages, etc. This is called "release the year", which means that the coming year will be full of happiness and longevity, sweet and beautiful, safe and happy. In addition, every house in the family should be lit, and the whole family should sit together to support the elderly. Until the end of the year and the beginning of the year, every household set off fireworks and firecrackers to show farewell to the old and welcome the new.

4.23 years to send the chef to sweep the dust.

On December 23 of the lunar calendar, Maoming area is commonly known as "New Year's Eve", also known as "Kitchen Festival". Every household prepares tea, wine, vegetarian dishes, fruits and desserts, burns paper in the kitchen to offer sacrifices to the stove, sends it to the sky, and then cleans it up from the inside out.

Offering sacrifices to stoves is a custom that has great influence and spread widely among the people in our city. In the past, almost every kitchen had a kitchen god. People call this god "the Bodhisattva who commands life" or "the stove commands life". It is said that he is the "Nine-day East Chef Commanding the Kitchen Palace" sealed by the Jade Emperor, who is responsible for managing the kitchen fires of various families and is worshipped as the patron saint of the family. Kitchen shrines are mostly located in the north or east of the kitchen, with the idol of Kitchen God in the middle. Some people who don't have the niche of the Kitchen King even put the idol directly on the wall. Some gods only draw a kitchen god, while others have two men and women. The goddess is called "Grandma Chef". Most of the statues of Kitchen God are also printed with the calendar of this year, which reads the words "Oriental chef is in charge", "guardian of the world" and "head of the family" to show the status of Kitchen God. On both sides, there are couplets of "Heaven says yes, and the lower bound is safe". On the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, people prepare tea, wine, fruit, etc., burn paper to offer sacrifices to the kitchen, and send the kitchen ruler to the Western Heaven to show their respect for the kitchen ruler.