Who can explain "orthodoxy", "daoism" and "dharma"?

The term "orthodoxy" is a major proposition in traditional political culture that has surrounded the thinking of the Chinese people. For more than two thousand years, the theorists, such as forests, pen fights and tongue battles, can not be exhaustive." The word "orthodoxy" is not found in the six sutras, not in the sages, but indiscriminately in the Han Dynasty, compiled by Gongyang Shou, "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Chuan". He said, "What do you mean by 'the king's first month', the great unification." The phrase "the first month of the king's reign" means "the year of the reign of the king"; and "unification" means "the beginning". The meaning of this sentence is: "The king was given the first month of the reign to unify the whole world, so that all things would be served as the beginning, so it was said that the great unification also existed." In other words, it means that "the gentleman is in the right place" and "the king is in the right place", or "the right place" for short.

"Orthodoxy" is a political concept. In today's terms, it refers to the unification of the whole world, a lineage of regimes is called orthodoxy, and the opposite is called "intercalary orthodoxy", or denounced as "unauthorized theft", "parochialism". Ban Gu, the author of the Book of Han, made the Duan Citation in order to "glorify the Great Han". According to Ban Gu, "the Han Dynasty succeeded Yao's fortune to build up the empire" (Later Han Shu, Volume 40, Ban Gu Biography); he said that "the Han Dynasty is the descendant of Yao", and Yao was "the one who was outstanding in virtue" among the ancient emperors, and he abdicated the throne to his ministers, who had been in the Yu, Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, and that "the heavenly king would give credit to his head of state, and he would award it to the Han and Liu Dynasties." Therefore, the Han-Liu dynasty is "the rightful lineage of the heaven, and the return of the luck of Kekjeong; the strong essence of Yanshang is stored up, and the Hong Chen of Kong and Zuo is contained in it." In other words, the Han-Liu Dynasty was an orthodox dynasty with "no resistance to honor".

"Orthodoxy" is also a patriarchal concept, with a strong patriarchal nature. It can also be used to refer to the direct line of descent. Ban Gu said: "Emperor Xuan Di on the throne, by Emperor Wu Zhengtongxing, so the establishment of three years, respect Xiaowu Temple for the World Zong, the line of hunting counties all set up temples" ("Han Shu" Volume 25, "suburb of sacrifice" under the Zhi). Emperor Xuan Di of Han was the great-grandson of Emperor Wu of Han, although he was not born to Emperor Wu of Han, but according to the patriarchal law of inheritance relationship, so it is called "orthodox". Ban Gu also recorded that: "When Emperor Liao was crowned, Emperor Chengdi's mother was called Dowager Empress Dowager, Emperor Chengdi's Empress Zhao was called Empress Dowager, while his grandmother, Empress Fu, and his mother, Empress Ding, were both in the state residence, and they called themselves King Dingtao***." Dong Hong, Marquis of Gaochang, wrote a letter suggesting, "It is appropriate to establish Queen Dingtao*** as the Empress Dowager." Shidan objected and said, "Now Dingtao *** Empress Dowager, *** Queen of Dingtao *** as the number of the mother from the son, the wife from the husband of the righteousness of the same. Want to set up officials and officials, car clothing and the Empress Dowager and, not so Ming honors the death of two on the righteousness." Also said: "for the latter for the son, so for the after service decapitation three years, and descending its parents period, Ming respect for the ancestor and heavy orthodoxy also." (Han Shu, Volume 86, Shidan Biography) Here, Shidan explains "orthodoxy" in terms of patriarchal principles.

The above two examples show that the patriarchal principle is the essence of the concept of orthodoxy. As it is, the orthodoxy debate usually occurs in two situations: one is during the change of dynasties, when historians tend to revise the history of the previous dynasty for the sake of the interests of the current dynasty; the other is when there is a crisis in the succession to the throne, and a fierce orthodoxy debate also breaks out. Therefore, the core content of the doctrine of orthodoxy is always permeated with the feudal authoritarian principle of "heaven has no second day and the people have no second king". It was a political theory of the feudal era and one of the ideological weapons in the political struggle of feudal society. This can be said to be the normative meaning of the orthodox view.

It should be noted that the concept of orthodoxy was also widely used in other fields, so that concepts such as Taoism, Dharma, and Literature emerged. These concepts have a **** the same point, is with a strong patriarchal brand. Even in some fields, the concept of "orthodoxy" is sometimes used. For example, from the Song Dynasty onwards, people have been calling those schools of thought or sectarian struggles that have been passed on from one lineage to another "orthodox". Lu You, a poet of the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote a poem titled "Happiness at Yang Tingxiu's Re-entry into the Pavilion of Secret Supervisors," extolling Yang Tingxiu's return as "the transmission of orthodoxy for a thousand years" (see JIANNAN PSYCHOLOGY MANUSCRIPTS, Volume XXI). The term "Zhengtong" is used here as the heir to a school of poetry. For example, "Zhengtong" was also used in the field of Buddhism. In the Song Dynasty, there was a monk named Zongjian, who integrated the biographies of the monks of the Tiantai sect into a historical book, and named it "Zhengtong of the Scholarly Sect" (释門正统). However, this article discusses the canonical view of orthodoxy and does not deal with its derivative concepts.

What is Taoist orthodoxy? As the name implies, it is the tradition of the Dao, that is, the transmission of reasoning and theory. For example, the Taoist tradition of Confucianism is passed down from King Wen to Confucius to Mencius and so on, and the Taoist tradition of Taoism is passed down from Laozi to Zhuangzi and so on. Another example is Marxism, whose Taoism was passed down from Marx Engels to Lenin to Stalin to Mao Zedong, etc., and from Germany to Britain to Soviet Russia to China, both in the temporal sense and in the spatial sense of Taoism Legalism -→ the conventionality of acquiring the source of ruling power by means of a certain provision in the law and in the constitutional law. The ruler in the monarchical period claimed that its dominance and the state power under its control were established and unshakeable by divine law. In the present and contemporary times, this is interpreted as meaning that only the authority of the state, obtained through the process of periodic, public voting (general) elections, is in accordance with the law. Among them, the concept of "public power by the people" is the only source of state power under the Constitution and the law, and the state power obtained in violation of this concept is considered illegal and not in accordance with the law (legal tradition, and legal orthodoxy).