What are the commonly used materials for introducing sculptures into Ye Wan?

Femtosecond detection found that commonly used materials are:

Granite: Granite is igneous rock formed by the condensation of magma below the surface, and its main components are feldspar and quartz. Granite has a hard texture and is not easily eroded by acid, alkali or weathering. It is often used as a material for sculpture and architecture. The appearance color can be maintained for more than a hundred years, so many outdoor sculptures prefer granite. The colors of granite are mainly divided into red, black, green and flower, among which flower series is the most widely used.

Marble: Marble belongs to limestone and was formed in long-term geological changes. Marble is named because it is produced in Dali, Yunnan. It includes marble, dolomite marble, serpentine marble, crystalline limestone and dolomite. Marble is soft, beautiful, solemn and elegant, which is an ideal material for decorating luxury buildings and a traditional material for artistic carving. However, due to too many flaws in marble, it is suitable for small-scale sculpture decoration. Marble is not as hard as granite and is easily damaged by friction, so it is not suitable for outdoor display.

Sandstone: Sandstone consists of detritus and interstitial materials, with detritus mainly in time, followed by feldspar, cuttings, muscovite, chlorite and heavy minerals. As a sculpture material, sandstone is bound to have chemical substances as the medium, so its firmness is not as good as granite and marble, and its color uniformity is not as good as the former two.

Wrought copper: Wrought copper relief art is a traditional art, which was very popular as early as ancient China and medieval Roman Empire. The arrival of 2 1 century and the update and development of new technologies and new processes provide a broader stage and development space for the development of modern copper forging art. Under the influence of modern design trends, copper forging art has the formal characteristics of modern visual art. Because copper is easy to oxidize, it is exhibited indoors more than outdoors.

. Cooked copper is suitable as a raw material for relief because of its light weight.

Copper casting: Copper casting has a long history and mature technology. The process of casting copper is more complicated than forging copper, and its artistic creation has good toughness. It is suitable for making fine materials and is very popular among artists, especially figure sculptures. But it is easy to oxidize, so pay more attention to maintenance.

Stainless steel: Stainless acid-resistant steel is referred to as stainless steel. It consists of stainless steel and acid-resistant steel. In short, the steel that can resist atmospheric corrosion is called stainless steel, and the steel that can resist chemical medium corrosion is called acid-resistant steel. Because stainless steel has many advantages, many city sculptures are made of it. Stainless steel requires the sculpture itself to be simple and generous, with obvious sense of form, strong light and shadow effect and the greatest color selectivity.

Glass fiber reinforced plastics: reinforced plastics with glass fiber or its products as reinforcing materials are called glass fiber reinforced plastics, or called glass fiber reinforced plastics. Because of the different types of resins used, they are called polyester FRP, epoxy FRP and phenolic FRP.

Glass is hard and fragile, with good transparency, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance. Therefore, it has a wide range of uses. As a sculpture material, FRP has certain practicability and is generally used as a sample indoors.

Copper imitation effect of inner copper.

clay sculpture

There are two ways to make clay sculptures: one is the way to make sculptures imported from western Europe in modern times; The other is the traditional clay sculpture making method in China.

The methods of making sculptures imported from western Europe are as follows: firstly, there must be an iron sculpture frame, and the shape of the internal skeleton is determined according to the posture and proportion of the statue; Tie some small crosses around the skeleton. Its function is to connect the mud into a whole, so as not to collapse and facilitate molding. After the shelf is completed, it will be enlarged and shaped according to the ingredients of the mud made in advance. The round carving is three-dimensional, so we should have a whole concept. First pile the mud in all directions, from simple to complex, and gradually deepen. The first step is to pay attention to the overall effect of each angle. The second step is to analyze whether the physical structure is accurate and whether the relationship between the whole and the part is unified and harmonious. The third step focuses on the detailed description of the image until it is completed. Clay sculpture is easy to crack and deform under the influence of climate, and it is difficult to preserve it permanently. Therefore, clay sculpture will generally be converted into gypsum after completion. It became a work. Now most of the sculptures we come into contact with are made of gypsum, and they are often sprayed with various colors to give them the texture of bronze, wood and stone. There is a set of complicated techniques about plaster turning over, which will not be introduced here.

Traditional clay sculpture making methods in China are different. In our country's temples, many statues and buddhas are resplendent. If they are broken, they become a pile of wood, mud, cotton, broken hemp, sand, straw, wheat straw, reed stalks, chaff, nails and so on. The production procedure of the Buddha statue is as follows: firstly, according to the theme, size and dynamics of the Buddha statue, a wooden skeleton is set up, and straw or wheat straw is tied to the skeleton to increase the volume, and then the coarse mud mixed with chaff and straw mud is pressed firmly on the skeleton; Step 2, add fine mud (mixed with clay, sand, cotton, etc. ) when the coarse mud is 70% dry, it fully depicts the character's demeanor; Step 3, after the clay sculpture is completely dried, many cracks of different sizes are produced, and then they are repaired; Step 4, after the mud is dry, polish the surface smooth, then mount a layer of cotton paper with glue, press and grind it to make the surface more flat, detailed and firm, and then coat it with a layer of white powder (white powder plus glue); Step five, paint a variety of colors on the body-in-white according to the needs of the characters. After all the colors are painted, apply a layer of oil to protect the bright colors, and it's all done.

woodcarving

The woodcarving art in China has a long history and was very popular in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. By the Warring States period, wood carving had become quite popular. Wood carving has not been passed down from generation to generation because wood materials are easy to rot and burn. Wood carving materials are adapted to local conditions, generally boxwood, mahogany, Jin Mu, ginkgo, longan, camphor and so on.

The traditional wood carving methods in China are: (1) design based on materials, giving full play to the natural form and characteristics of wood. (2) Generally, it is necessary to draw a composition or make a clay sculpture manuscript first, and even experienced artists have to study it carefully before they can make a mature draft. (3) first rough, such as carving characters, initially carving out the dynamics, proportions and shapes of the characters.

And space volume. , to depict the basic form. (4) Using chisels of different shapes, sculpting vivid and distinctive images from coarse to fine, from whole to part, from simple to complex and step by step. There are also large-scale wood carvings, and now a new technology is adopted: first, clay sculptures are made and turned into plaster statues, and then on the basis of plaster statues (models), points (body parts) are found around the wood with the "point detector" tool. The works carved in this way have correct images and good effects.

stone carving

Stone carving is a work carved from different kinds of stones, which occupies an important position in history. Whether in China or abroad, stone carving art has a long history of development.

Stone carvings are generally made of marble, granite, Huian stone, Qingtian stone, Shoushan stone and Guicui stone. Granite and marble are suitable for carving large statues; Qingtian stone and Shoushan stone are rich in colors and are more suitable for small stone carvings. There are many ways to make stone carvings, which can be roughly divided into two kinds according to the nature of stones and the habits of sculptors: one is the traditional method, in which conception, composition, modeling and stone carving are all done by individuals alone. In large-scale carving, horizontal and vertical lines should be drawn on the stone, and the material should be checked and carved by simple measurement and positioning. The second is to adopt a new technology, that is, first make a clay sculpture and turn it into a plaster statue, and then carve it into a stone statue based on the plaster statue (model) with the help of a stippling artist.

jade carving

Jade carving, collectively known as jade, has a long history. Yu Pei appeared in the Neolithic Age in China, and the jade carving skills in Shang Dynasty were relatively mature. There are dozens of jade carving materials, such as white jade, jasper, sapphire, jet, jadeite, crystal, agate, topaz, jade alone, jadeite and so on. Because jade itself is meticulous, hard and moist, or white and frozen, or green and lovely, it is suitable for making valuable decorations. Jade carving artists are good at using the patterns of materials themselves, designing colors and shapes according to materials, and creating many exquisite jade carving treasures through careful conception. For example, Rising Sun, a water bile agate product made by Beijing Jade Factory, is a treasure. What is water bile agate? The water inside was sealed by magma when the volcano erupted hundreds of millions of years ago and condensed after cooling. Because it is like a gallbladder, it is called water gall. The density of magma outside the water sac increases with time, forming agate, which is extremely rare in nature. Artists from Beijing Jade Factory used the natural characteristics of water bile agate to carve a red sun that broke through the sea, and the waves splashed and cranes sang in unison, just like nature itself.

Regarding the production of jade, most people think that it is carved with a carving knife, but it is not. The texture of jade is too hard for a carving knife to carve. Instead, the method of polishing is adopted, that is, according to the shape of the work, the redundant parts are polished off with various shapes of drill bits, diamond sand and water. Therefore, it takes a long time to finish a jade carving.

The production methods of other ceramics, tooth carvings and brick carvings are similar to those mentioned above, so I won't introduce them here.

Sandstone sculpture (artificial polymer composite material)

The main products are sandstone round carvings, relief murals, carved plates, artistic flower pots, sculpture fountains, amorous fireplaces, Roman columns, door and window covers, lines, picture frames, lighting, puzzles, beam supports, home accessories, environmental sculptures, etc. Architectural detail sculpture, garden sculpture, campus sculpture, abstract sculpture.

Celebrity sculpture, European component, sandstone slab, hollow column, hollow flower board, plastic rockery, landscape sculpture (decorative sculpture, waterscape sculpture), etc. All products can be colored, painted, polished and gilded as required; Through technical treatment, the surface of the work presents rough, delicate, cracked and natural cracks and other real stone effects. The main production colors are yellow sandstone, white sandstone and red sandstone. Handmade, wear-resistant, durable and beautiful to use. This product is completely synthesized from inorganic materials and belongs to environmental protection products. Can be customized according to customer drawings.

In addition, among modern sculpture materials, there are some emerging environmental protection materials, such as glass fiber reinforced cement grc, magnesium oxide, pu, eps Polylon, carbon fiber and so on.