What are the techniques of expression, lyricism, rhetoric and description?

1. Rhetoric methods: metaphor, personification, rhetorical question, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, comparison, allusion, adaptation, intertextuality, repetition, etc.

2. Performance: narration, discussion, description and lyricism.

Lyricism: It can be divided into direct lyricism and indirect lyricism (lyricism by borrowing scenery, lyricism by holding things; Scene fusion).

Description: It can be divided into static and dynamic combination, virtual and real combination, point-surface combination, light-dark combination, frontal combination, rough outline brush and meticulous painting. Le Jing wrote about mourning, mourning for Syaraku and so on.

3. Expression techniques: Fu, Bi and Xing; Suppress change, describe carefully, symbolize association, set off, contrast, imagine, associate, care and express ambition.

Description skills mainly include:

(1) foil, divided into positive lining and negative lining. The artistic technique of using similar or opposite conditions between things to highlight certain things as a foil. It is called positive contrast to set off a thing with its approximate conditions; To set off a thing with the opposite conditions of it is called contrast. Just like "Peach Blossom Lake is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lunqing"; The word "Red Cliff Nostalgia" was originally intended to create a character image of Zhou Yu, but it was written as a "romantic figure through the ages", which led to "many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally concentrated on Zhou Yu, highlighting Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind. Another example is "the official feels melancholy, and spring is half like autumn." The mountain city is full of rain, and the banyan leaves are full of hooves. " "In the past, it was not enough to boast, but now there is no end to debauchery. There are dynamic and static contrasts in A Spring Breeze Day with Horseshoe Flowers in Chang 'an (page 54 of the white paper), such as "Moonlight in the pine forest, Crystal stone in the stream" and "Small bridge flowing with water". (3) Set off sadness with joyful scenes, such as "Stairs are dyed with spring grass, birds are singing and leaves are happy", "The grass is green and yellow, the peach blossoms are chaotic, and the flowers are fragrant. The east wind does not blow, and the spring days are long. "

(2) Lenovo and imagination, also known as the combination of reality and reality. In poetry appreciation, emptiness and reality are relative, some are real, and none is empty; Evidence is truth, and false support is empty; Objective is true, subjective is virtual; Concrete is real, hermit is empty; Actions are true, but words are empty; The present is true and the future is empty; The known is true, the unknown is false, and so on. "Reality" refers to the real images, facts and reality existing in the objective world, and "emptiness" is an imaginary scene. For example, Li Bai's Tianmu Mountain climbed high in his dream. Now, the sun and the moon shine on the gold and silver platform, dressed in colorful clothes, riding the wind, taking the tiger as the piano and the phoenix as the dance, row after row, like hemp fields, rows of immortals, which is an imaginary beautiful fairyland. Jiang Kui's Spring Breeze Shili in Yangzhou Slow quoted Du Mu's poem, which showed the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past, and it was a fake writing. Let the wheat be green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing; For example, "Wild flowers are precious, green grass can see a skirt" and Li Bai's seven wonders & gt "The King of Yue was judged to be broken by Wu Gui, and the righteous returned. Maid-in-waiting is like erotic palace, and now only partridges fly "; & gt wait.

(3) comparison. Comparison between the Past and the Present of Lu You's Confessions "In those days, Wan Li sought the seal and the horse kept Liangzhou. Where is the dream of closing the river, the dust darkens the old mink and fur. The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. Who knows in this life, my heart is in Tianshan and I am always in Cangzhou "; Another example is "Partridge Sky" (Xin Qiji). "In the past, when I was strong, I held the banner and rode across the river. Swallow the silver beard at night, and the Chinese arrow flies to the golden servant. Now-the spring breeze does not touch the moustache, in exchange for the owner's tree planting book. (Effect)-Highlight the feeling of being an unpaid and ambitious old man. " ; In Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing", half of our men at the front line were killed, but the other half were still alive, and there were beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp. In Xin Qiji's Landscape, "The land of summer is rich in nature/the soldiers' new clothes are yellow and old", which shows the contrast between nature and people with two symmetrical sentences. "Goujian broke Wu Gui, and all the soldiers returned home. Maid-in-waiting is like a palace full of spring, but today only partridges can fly. (The first three sentences of Li Bai's Visit to Vietnam describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the desolation of today, which is in sharp contrast.

(4) draw a line. Chinese painting technique name. A method of drawing objects with colorless ink lines. There is also a slight light ink rendering. Mostly figures and flower paintings. It also refers to a method of expression in literary creation, that is, to portray a vivid and vivid image with concise pen and ink without comparison. For example, "if you plant a millet in spring, you will reap 10 thousand seeds in autumn." There is no idle field in the field, and farmers starve to death "; In Chilechuan, a folk song in the Northern Dynasties, "The sky is grey, the wild is boundless, the wind blows grass and the cattle and sheep are low" is a simple description of the grassland scene, which appears concise and has the power of character, writes the grandeur of the grassland and highlights the life of herders; An introduction about Mr. Fujino in Mr. Fujino: "At that time, a dark and thin gentleman came in, wearing glasses and holding a large and small stack of books. As soon as I put the book on the podium, I introduced myself to the students in a slow and frustrating tone: "My name is Fujino Genkuro …"; A Lei's One Side describes Lu Xun in more detail than Lu Xun's Fujino: "His face is yellow, black and white, thin and worrying, like a person recovering from a serious illness, but his spirit is good and there is no sign of depression. Hair is about an inch long. I haven't cut it for a long time, but I stand briskly one by one. The beard is very striking, like words written in thick ink. "

5] suppress. Speak the negative and positive aspects at the same time, only highlight one of them, and achieve the purpose of suppressing one, promoting the other or suppressing the other. There are two kinds: first rising and then restraining, first restraining and then rising. "Boudoir young woman don't know sorrow, spring makeup tall buildings. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. " (Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart) This poem adopts the method of praising first and then restraining. First, it writes that the young woman "doesn't know how to worry" and then says that she "regrets". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, it profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".

[6] Contrast. It draws lessons from the expression of "the east boat is quiet, the west is quiet, and we only look at the autumn moon in the heart of the river" in Pipa. Through the description of characters, the objects to be expressed are more prominent, and the charm of music is set off by the description of the environment, leaving readers with a broad aftertaste.

"Contrast" is different from "contrast". "Contrast" means writing what you want to express through other things. Therefore, using one thing to imply another thing is called contrast. This is different from "foil", because "foil" is to write both things.

Once from the other side of the fence. This is a common expression skill in ancient poetry, also called bending pen. For example, "Going home at night on the winter solstice in Handan" (Bai Juyi) "Every winter solstice in Handan, there is a shadow in front of the knee lamp with me. If you want to sit at home late at night, you should also talk about people who travel far away "(page 64 of the white paper). Another example is Li Bai's GT; The flat forest is misty, and the cold mountain area is compassionate. When the color enters a tall building, someone upstairs is sad. The jade steps stand empty, and the birds fly back in a hurry. Where is the return trip? The pavilion is shorter than the pavilion (page 55 of the white paper).

Rhetorical devices often appear in ancient poetry:

(1) Bi Xing. Such as "Guan Guan Luo Yu, in Hezhou. My Fair Lady is a Gentleman, Peacock flies southeast and wanders five miles, I don't know why my Jinse has fifty strings, each of which has a flowery interval of youth. Let me talk about other things that have caused chanting.

(2) metaphor. For example, "how much sorrow can there be, just like a river flowing eastward"; Li He's "Ma Shi" "The desert sand is like snow, and the Yanshan moon is like a hook." Don't be a golden brain. Let's go to clear autumn. "

(3) personification. For example, "wild geese lead the heart to worry, and mountains hold the moon", "I'm afraid of falling asleep at night, and lighting candles to shine red makeup" and "It's good to be a pavilion on the Spring Breeze Lake, and wicker vines are special feelings. Huang Wei has known each other for a long time and wants to stop crying four or five times. "

(4) exaggeration. "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days" (Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall") "White hair and three thousands of feet, sorrow is like a beard."

⑤ Pun. For example, "Sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny", and "sunny" means emotional "love".

(6) allusions. For example, "the merchant girl didn't know the national subjugation and hate, but she still sang" backyard flowers "to cross the river" and "I thought that in those days, Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" (Xin Qiji's "Never Meet Le Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia").

(7) duality. Use a pair of sentences or phrases with the same structure and the same number of words to express two relative or similar meanings. Formally, the language is concise, neat and symmetrical; From the content point of view, the meaning is more concentrated and implicit. For example, "leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward." (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain)