Classic Famous Embroideries of Chinese Embroidery Culture

Among all the embroideries, the four famous embroideries are the classic ones. The four famous embroideries were formed in the middle of the nineteenth century, and in addition to its own artistic characteristics, another important reason for its emergence is the result of the commercialization of embroidery. Due to the market demand and embroidery origin of different, embroidery crafts as a commodity began to form their own local characteristics, which Su, Shu, Guangdong, Hunan four places of the product sales is particularly wide, so there are four famous embroidery called.

Su embroidery, the first of the four famous embroidery, is centered in Suzhou, including Suzhou crafts around the general term. Suzhou embroidery is mainly by the Suzhou flat embroidery, double-sided embroidery; Chang

<strong> Suzhou embroidery</strong> state, Danyang, BaoYing embroidery; Nantong imitation embroidery; Yangzhou antique embroidery; Chetai hair embroidery combination. Suzhou embroidery has a long history, initially, it was developed on the basis of Gu embroidery. It is after widely absorbing the characteristics and strengths of Gu Embroidery, it has gradually bred a more colorful flower from the workshop. The main artistic characteristics of Su embroidery works are; the landscape can be divided into near and far interest; the pavilion has a profound body; the characters can have a look at the vivid feelings; flowers and birds can be reported to the nickel and intimacy of the state. Su embroidery of imitation painting embroidery, writing embroidery and its realistic artistic effect is famous all over the world. In the embroidery technique, most of the embroidery is based on the set of needle, the embroidery threads are connected without showing the needle marks. Commonly used three or four different kinds of similar color thread or adjacent color matching, set embroidery out of the color effect of dyeing freely. At the same time, in the performance of the object good to leave the "waterway", that is, in the object of the depth of the change, leaving a line of empty, so that the level of clear, neat pattern outlines. Therefore, people in the evaluation of Suzhou embroidery is often "flat, Qi, fine, dense, uniform, smooth, and, light" eight words to summarize.

The embroidery product centered in Changsha, Hunan Province, Hunan embroidery is one of the four famous embroideries, with exquisite skills and unique artistic style. Hunan embroidery originates from Hunan folk embroidery, which has a long history. As early as in the Spring and Autumn Period, Hunan embroidery has developed to a certain extent, to the Qing Dynasty, Hunan embroidery has spread throughout the vast urban and rural areas of Hunan, can be seen everywhere, "mother and friend of each other, neighbors teach each other," the vivid scene of the passing of the art to learn the art. Hunan embroidery was developed on the basis of Hunan folk embroidery, absorbing the essence of Suzhou embroidery and Guangdong embroidery. With the production and development of Hunan embroidery products, the hard work and creativity of embroidery artists and the participation of some excellent painters, they have transplanted many fine traditions of Chinese painting to embroidery, giving full play to the performance of a variety of stitches in a delicate article, carving out the shape of the inner texture of the characteristics of a clear, so that Hunan embroidery techniques have been greatly improved and enhanced. The traditional Xiang embroidery is entitled lion, tiger, squirrel, etc., especially the tiger is the most common. Hunan embroidery works with Chinese painting as the subject matter, and painting combined with a rigorous composition and chapter, vivid and realistic image, color difference, strong texture, shape and God are ready, far from the grandeur, close to the effect of God. There was "embroidered flowers and peanuts, birds can hear the sound of embroidery, embroidered tiger can run, embroiders can be God" reputation.

Cantonese embroidery, one of the four famous embroideries, is a general term for embroidery in Guangdong. Legend has it that it was originally created by the Li ethnic minority, and most of the previous embroiderers were men from Guangzhou and Chaozhou, which is rare in the world. The main embroidery products are clothes, hanging screen, pouch, screen heart, fan, fan cover and so on. Artistically, Cantonese embroidery is dense and lively composition, colorful and eye-catching, simple needle application, thicker and looser embroidery threads, stitch lengths vary, needle pattern overlapping and slightly convex. Phoenix, peony, pine and crane, apes, deer, chickens and geese are often used as themes. Another famous product of Cantonese embroidery is to use woven gold satin or nail gold lining, that is, the famous nail gold embroidery, especially lined with high cushion of gold velvet embroidery, it is brilliant, bold and thick, more used as costumes, stage furnishings and temple furnishings embroidery, suitable for rendering a warm and festive atmosphere.

One of the four famous embroidery Shu embroidery, also known as "Sichuan embroidery", refers to Chengdu as the representative of Sichuan embroidery. The history of Shu embroidery is also very long, according to the Jin Dynasty Chang Qu & lt; Huayang Guo Zhi & gt; recorded that at that time, the embroidery in Shu has been very famous, and Shu embroidery and Shu brocade side by side, as a famous product of Shu. In today's embroidery, Shu embroidery is relatively few pure ornamental products, mostly daily necessities. Both huge screen, there are small pocket pieces, such as the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, Sichuan Hall of the huge hibiscus carp seat screen and female performance of the music map hanging screen, double-sided heterochromatic aquatic grass carp seat screen, panda seat screen, are representative of Shu embroidery. Originated from the folk of western Sichuan Shu embroidery, due to the geographical environment, customs, culture and art, gradually formed a rigorous and delicate, bright and flat, sparse composition, thick and rounded, bright and colorful style. Shu embroidery technique is characterized by smooth and bright lines, neat stitches, rigorous application of needles, soft color mixing, realistic and appropriate, etc., any piece of Shu embroidery shows these unique techniques, according to statistics, Shu embroidery needle hair types, there are 122 kinds. Commonly used needles are the halo needle, laying needle, rolling needle, cutting needle, mixing needle, sand needle, cover needle and so on. Halo needle is used to show the texture of the embroidery, reflecting the embroidery of light, color, shape, the embroidery objects embroidered in a wonderful way. For example, the agility of monkeys, the beauty of figures, the magnificence of mountains and rivers, the colorfulness of flowers and birds, the simplicity of pandas and so on, all of them show different textures such as roughness, fineness, softness, hardness, looseness and scattering, and so on. Shu embroidery embroidery method is flexible and adaptable. General embroidery are used silk, satin, silk, yarn, crepe for the fabric, and according to the needs of the production process, the color scheme, with different threads.

In addition, there are Gu embroidery. Gu embroidery, also known as "Lu Xiang Yuan Gu embroidery", for the Ming Dynasty Gu Gu Ming Shi family created, is a well-known embroidery art techniques and products.

Gu Mingshi, a native of Songjiang, graduated with a Bachelor's Degree in the 38th year of the Jiajing reign (1559 AD), and served as the Minister of Shangbao. Gu Mingshi's eldest son, Gu Jianghai, had a concubine surnamed Miao, who was good at silk embroidery, and brought the exquisite skills to the Gu family, so they were passed down from generation to generation, thus becoming a family law, and then Gu's descendants passed down the skills from generation to generation, thus getting the name; and because Gu Mingshi built a garden, "Luhiangyuan" in his later years to spend his time in the garden, Gu embroidery was also known as "Luhiangyuan Gu Embroidery", and "Luhiangyuan Gu Embroidery". It is also said that Gu's embroidery method is derived from the "Lu Xiang Yuan Gu Embroidery". It is said that the Gu embroidery method came from the imperial court, and the characteristics of Gu embroidery are: the human needles are not allowed to be broken, and the broken threads are as thin as hairs, together with the subtle color matching, it has a very high artistic value. The subjects of Gu embroidery are mainly landscapes, figures, flowers and birds. Among the famous Gu embroidery craftsmen are Miao, Han Ximeng and Gu Lanyu. Miao was the concubine of Gu Jianghai, the eldest son of Gu Mingshi, and the founder of Gu embroidery. Her embroidery skills were very high, and she "embroidered figures, landscapes, and flowers with a great deal of vividness". Han Ximeng, the wife of Gu Shouqian, the grandson of Gu Mingshi, was good at calligraphy and painting, as well as women's red, and pushed the Gu embroidery skills to the extreme, which was later called "Han Xiu" or "Han Yuan embroidery". In the Qing Dynasty, Gu Lanyu, the great-granddaughter of Gu Mingshi, opened an embroidery workshop and taught Gu embroidery techniques to a wide range of students. From then on, folk women in Wuzhi competed with each other to imitate the work. Merchants opened embroidery workshops to buy embroidery products, and the name of Gu embroidery became famous at home and abroad. However, because Gu embroidery emphasizes on the meaning and requires a good foundation in art, it failed to really popularize among the people. After that, Gu embroidery gradually declined and was lost. After the founding of the country, because of the traditional art to pay attention to, after several efforts, Gu embroidery finally recovered. At present, the largest collection of Gu embroidery is the Liaoning Provincial Museum, in which there are eight pieces of embroidery printed with "Han Yuan embroidery" and "Han's women's red". Shanghai Museum has Han Ximeng's & lt; algae shrimp figure & gt; four embroidery. In addition, jiangsu nanjing museum, zhenjiang museum, suzhou museum, etc. also has a collection of heirloom gu embroidery, such as "apricot blossom village", "landscape three life" and other scroll.

There is Beijing embroidery, also known as palace embroidery, it is elegant knot, fine, beautiful patterns, flexible stitching, embroidery, realistic image as the main features. Its selection of materials when the precious,

luxury and opulence, sparing no expense. Beijing embroidery to weave embroidery on velvet as its unique features, in the Beijing embroidery works, a needle and a line is not infiltrated with the emperor's pro-royalty of the pouring sky power. The most important feature of Beijing embroidery is the bright colors of the embroidery threads, which are similar to the pastel colors in porcelain. Beijing embroidery is flat, fine, even, light, and even more than Su embroidery. Beijing embroidery in product specifications, a variety of, especially some patterns in other embroidery is not allowed to use, such as the dragon robe and so on. Beijing embroidery in the use of pattern pattern more about rich auspicious metaphors, embroidery surface rich and full, embroidery on the pattern of auspicious eight treasures (treasure beads, Fang Sheng, jade pan, rhinoceros horn, ancient money, coral, silver ingots, Ruyi) eight auspicious (wheels, snails, umbrellas, covers, flowers, crowns, fish, intestines, because of the generation of the color of the Buddhists, but also be made into a Buddhist eight treasures), seawater, river cliffs (with the Bay of the standing water, the standing water, standing and lying in the three rivers of the water, the standing and lying in the five rivers of the water, the full lying water). (all lying water). The main colors used in Beijing embroidery are black, yellow, red and blue. Black for Xuan, yellow for power, red for joy, blue for noble. Its representative embroidery products are royal supplies, the Qing Dynasty official clothing patch, the group of immortals to wish for life, a hundred children figure.

Han embroidery is mainly popular in Jingsha, Wuhan, Honghu area, and its works have been repeatedly exhibited in Beijing, but also participated in Paris, Warsaw and other international exhibitions. Han embroidery, is based on the Chu embroidery, the integration of the north and south of the embroidery method of the length of the new embroidery method, blended with a distinctive local characteristics of the embroidery. Its needles are different from the four famous embroidery, using a set of paving, flat, weaving, between, pressure, cable, mixed, plate, set, pad, buckle needlework, "flat gold clip embroidery" the main surface layer of the broken color, clear and contrasting levels. The pursuit of full and rich, opulent and lively atmosphere. Embroidery can be born on the branches of flowers, flowers on the leaves, leaves can also appear on the "flowers without fruit, lively first" aesthetic ideas, showing thick, rich colors.

With the development and innovation of embroidery, extended to today, and the formation of many new embroidery, such as needlepoint embroidery, bundle embroidery, double-sided embroidery, double-sided color embroidery, micro-embroidery, color brocade embroidery and so on. In addition, there are many embroideries of border ethnic minorities, which also fully express the natural beauty and simplicity of the original style. The earliest embroidery was mostly for practical use, but it gradually became a precious art form in the Song and Yuan dynasties, when it was widely used in calligraphy and painting. The embroideries in the National Palace are mostly of this kind. The earliest of these embroideries was made during the Five Dynasties, and the most popular ones were made during the Qing Dynasty. Throughout the generations of innovation and development, each with its own characteristics, all have a high degree of achievement. Taiwan National Palace Museum collection almost all for the fine, embroidery neat, fine needle and thread, color subtle, deep into the essence of calligraphy, and are mounted into a book scroll, so that viewers often mistaken for painting and calligraphy, appreciate the collection of art value is very high.