What is body intelligence? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type? What direction is suitable for training? How should parents educate?

Body Intelligence: Howard gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

65438-0983 Howard gardner, a professor at Harvard University, published a book called The Structure of Intelligence: Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In the book, the author puts forward for the first time that human beings have a complete intelligence "spectrum". This argument breaks through the assumption of traditional intelligence theory: human cognition is unitary, and human intelligence can be measured by a single and quantitative intelligence test method. After years of research, Gardner gradually perfected his theory and clearly pointed out that there are many different ways of thinking in human beings. He divided human intelligence into eight types, namely:

Language intelligence, logical mathematics skills, space management skills, physical exercise skills, music intelligence, interpersonal beauty and oriental intelligence, self-knowledge intelligence, self-awareness and close cooperation with relatives. Gardner believes that his eight intelligences describe the face of human intelligence more accurately than the narrow emphasis on language and mathematical logic intelligence in the past. Gardner's theory of "multiple intelligences" has exerted a wide influence on the methods and evaluation of education, and aroused great interest in the educational circles in the United States, Japan and other countries, as well as in Chinese mainland, Hongkong and Taiwan Province. Here are some examples to describe these eight intelligences more clearly:

Thunberg is a famous American poet. When he first discovered how to sketch the shape of letters when he was 6 years old, he decided to become a full-time writer. However, when he was young, he failed in math and grammar exams and did not enter West Point Military Academy. Nevertheless, he got a doctorate from T 12 University. Until he was 80, he was still interested in the mysteries of verbs and adjectives. This is a remarkable case in which linguistic intelligence plays a key role in people's growth. Do you think Qian Zhongshu is an example in China, Cang Kejia or Han family? )

Daniel was fascinated by numbers when he was two years old. Whenever his mother reads him some number strings, he screams with joy. The first grade began to learn the concept of negative numbers, and the teacher gave him textbooks for grades four and five. Outside school, he likes to calculate all kinds of sports statistics, classify objects, and point out the time difference around the world ... He is happy to help his family make budget decisions. (Mathematical logic intelligence has always been highly respected intelligence. However, Gardner believes that each kind of intelligence has its own unique program mechanism, principle and function, and is not necessarily more important than other intelligences. )

Paula fell behind her classmates in basic skills and was rated as a student with learning disabilities. But the teacher found Paula's movements and gestures very elegant. He tried to get Paula to show the shape of 26 letters with body dance. Paula completed this assignment perfectly with ballet art, and today both teachers and students are in awe. With the help of sports, Paula changed her understanding of school experience and herself.

Zla is regarded as a restless child by the teacher, because she always draws pictures secretly in class, disturbing discipline and rarely remembers what she learns every day. But one day, Zla was happy to show her teacher what she had learned about the structure of the earth through painting that day. The slowness of the crust and the earth and the characteristics of the core jump out of the picture in proportion and artistic form. After this incident, the teacher changed her evaluation, because whenever Zla drew, tabulated or displayed visual symbol information for her, learning was integrated into her life.

Danny Ying, an American young singer and composer, suffered from polio in the L period and was slightly disabled due to the disease. But when he was a child, he showed his outstanding musical talent through songs. A recent song written by Danny is called "Everyone has his own talent". In this song, he emphasizes that everyone can do a lot, not fail.

Few people regard interpersonal skills as a kind of intelligence, and always think that they are basically skills cultivated by their dead husbands. But Gardner believes that this is an innate intelligence of human beings, which enables us to understand others, communicate with others, promote cooperation, and play the role of core and leader in the group. When students make friends or teachers laugh, when they create interesting satires, interpersonal intelligence is expressed through their unique humor. He was difficult to discipline when he was young, and he often made aggression. He was sent to the mentally retarded shelter, where he spent 12 years. After entering this institution, Bill stopped the life experience of normal children. He was isolated from his family, friends and community, and Bill was never taught to read and write. However, after Bill started a high school there, he got funding from a new organization. They asked Bill to set and complete annual personal development goals in order to fully integrate into community life. His sponsor found him a teacher who used the multiple intelligence model to teach reading. Bill is eager to learn. With the encouragement and guidance of his teacher, his reading and writing ability has been greatly improved. A month later, he announced to his teacher that he planned to write a book called "Inner World" to record his time in the institution. Oh, life. Six months later, he finished the book. Bill's indomitable spirit and compassion. C is two aspects of self-knowledge and intelligence. His achievements inspired many people.

1995, Gardner extended the intelligence of natural observers to multiple intelligences. Naturalists, ecologists and life science scholars who are good at observing the natural ecological environment all have this kind of intelligence.

Source: Multiple Intelligence Teaching Strategy.

(Linda Campbell waits)

The theory of multiple intelligences can help teachers smoothly transform traditional classroom teaching into a new teaching process. Many educators believe that the theory of multiple intelligences provides various "breakthrough points" for the reform of traditional teaching-enlightening choices for curriculum, classroom teaching behavior and overall school design.

Multiple intelligence course

It is not necessary to integrate all eight kinds of intelligence into the course teaching, but to find a "breakthrough point" from the learning methods that students like. For example, in Chinese class, students' language intelligence is developed by telling stories, speaking, discussing, interviewing and reporting. In math class, story questions are created, and strategy games are made by using models, codes and charts. , develop logical mathematics intelligence; Make use of performance or imitation, create dances, make board games, make homework cards or picture cards of physical education subjects, and develop body movement intelligence; Develop visual intelligence by using image forms such as flowcharts, maps, slides, videos, posters and murals; Music subjects write songs, play music, hold concerts, and develop musical intelligence; Develop interpersonal intelligence through cooperation; Describe personal feelings and values, expound philosophical views on something, so as to develop self-knowledge and intelligence; Observe nature on the spot, conduct experiments, develop the intelligence of natural observers and so on.

The course of multiple intelligences advocates the design of learning units for enemy materials. Design colorful learning activities in combination with the development of various intelligences in each learning unit. For example, in the teaching activities of solving algebraic equations, students can not only develop mathematical logic intelligence, but also read textbooks, discuss questions and develop language intelligence; Using color coding system to develop visual space intelligence; Create songs to explain mathematical terms and develop musical intelligence; Group pair learning to develop interpersonal intelligence; Observe rabbits and caterpillars in nature to create algebraic expressions, develop the intelligence of natural observers and so on. The course of multiple intelligences encourages interdisciplinary unit design, mathematics and language. Music, art, action, cooperative works or independent works can all be integrated into the teaching of various courses. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out interdisciplinary curriculum planning and design teaching planning in the school curriculum.

Multiple intelligent classroom

This is a reading class. But it is not an ordinary reading class, but a reading class in a multi-intelligence classroom. There are some "centers" in this classroom, which carry out different teaching activities according to eight categories of intelligence. Students choose to participate in different reading, writing, listening, singing, architecture, performance, cooperation and invention centers according to their own interests and intellectual characteristics. Make models, do special research, solve problems, and design art. This reading class is conducted according to the theme. For example, the theme of this course is "Art around the world". Teachers provide students with different reading materials, such as11tin, art philosophy, art history, performance skills, sculpture, mathematics in art and so on. The next possible subject category is "things from outer space", "official civilized life" or "Shakespeare's plays" and so on. There is a big challenge here, that is, to integrate eight kinds of "intelligent teachers" into the daily classroom and guide the development of different intelligences. However, with the formation of continuous learning and teaching methods, teachers can become familiar with it.

Multiple intelligence evaluation

The theory of multiple intelligences evaluates students from a multi-dimensional, comprehensive and developmental perspective. Gardner believes that every child is a potential gifted child. With the implementation of intelligent curriculum, teachers find that every child has his own "learning style", so teachers should pay attention to respecting students' learning style, understand students' strengths and give full play to their intelligence. On the specific evaluation method, Gardner recommended the evaluation method of "learning files".

The seven intelligences in multiple intelligences have their own advantages and disadvantages. For example, children with physical intelligence have excellent learning ability because of their excellent sensory integration ability. But these children's attention is relatively concentrated (it should be said that all children will not have too much attention, which needs to be cultivated the day after tomorrow). Attention is the balance of learning quality belonging to the mind. We should strengthen attention training at ordinary times and pay attention to methods and principles. For an active child, it doesn't conform to his personality characteristics (the younger he is), so we can adopt teaching methods suitable for his personality characteristics. For example, dynamic learning: dissolve the content to be learned into dynamic games, go out of the house and observe and learn more, and flexibly input knowledge into what children see, think and do. If you are a student, you can bring what you want to remember into the exercise, such as running and reciting. Others, such as children with musical talent, can study in a musical background. Children with audio-visual intelligence can go to class or watch movies. In short, the learning method should conform to the children's intellectual characteristics. Parents only need to understand this feature of their children and accept his learning characteristics with a tolerant attitude. Don't listen carefully in class like children who require audio-visual intelligence, and study in the room after class. With the increase of attention, a child with physical intelligence will one day achieve a double balance of body and mind, and he will find his own habits and habits of learning methods. At that time, he couldn't learn anyway.

As for the direction of training, it depends on the child's future interest. Maybe he wants to play basketball like Yao Ming in the future. Maybe his ambition is to become a skilled surgeon? Who can be sure?

What is attention?

Attention is the ability to reflect and pay attention to the psychological activities of something within a certain period of time.

Attention is the fundamental means for human beings to consciously and actively acquire information and learn knowledge and skills. If we don't pay attention to listening, reading, recording, observing and thinking, we will get nothing and accomplish nothing.

The so-called concentration is the usual concentration.

High concentration, that is, concentration, is an important quality of genius. But this quality can be cultivated and improved through acquired training.

Second, the performance of inattention.

Inattention, the so-called inattention, is a very common phenomenon among students and one of the most important problems that plague our parents. Its manifestations are various and can be summarized as follows:

1, active, unable to sit still.

2, listless, absent-minded, or daydreaming, always absent-minded.

3, careless, sloppy, and many mistakes.

4. Procrastinate and dawdle.

5, multi-tasking, beginning and ending, low quality of learning and doing things, low efficiency.

6, serious may be attention deficit, or sensory integration disorder. For the former, see Edward howell and John Ritter's Innocent Struggle (Zhejiang Education Press). For the latter, please refer to Ocean's How Good Children Are Made (China Archives Publishing House) and Zheng's How to Help Children with Emotional Disturbance (Jiuzhou Publishing House). These two diseases are often solved by drug treatment and special training.

Need to be reminded that if the child's inattention is not very serious, parents should not easily tell the child what disease he has. Otherwise, improper disposal may have a greater negative impact.

Third, the reasons for not being able to concentrate

There are many reasons for not being able to concentrate, mainly the following:

1, physiological reasons. Caesarean section and lack of crawling exercise in childhood may lead to inattention or disorder. Excessive lead and other diseases can also lead to inattention.

2. Disadvantages of intergenerational education. Due to factors such as ideas, qualities and emotions, the older generation tend to spoil their children too much, and even arrange children to replace themselves, which makes them seriously dependent, lack autonomy and self-care ability, and even lose concentration when studying and doing things independently.

3. It is related to parents' personality.

4, related to the child's own personality.

5. It is related to family environment and living habits.

6. It is related to the educational methods of parents and teachers.

7. Some may be related to learning disabilities, such as memory disorders.

Fourth, ways to improve attention

How to change inattention so that children can concentrate on their studies and work? In addition to medication for severe patients, referring to Ke Yunlu's Law of Success for Middle School Students (Xinhua Publishing House) and other materials, this paper summarizes 30 ways to improve attention through study and training:

1, let the children set themselves a goal of consciously improving their attention (concentration). This article is generally effective for middle school students and other older children.

2. Cultivate children's interest in improving the quality of concentration. Mainly through letting children taste the sweetness, vision encouragement, motivation and other ways to increase interest, thus improving concentration.

3. Cultivate children's confidence in improving their concentration. Self-confidence is often gained through more affirmation and encouragement. Give more positive hints and try to avoid negative ones, such as parents saying "our children are inattentive", "our children are always inattentive", children saying (or thinking) "I am inattentive" and "I can't concentrate". These are not conducive to the cultivation of self-confidence.

4. Eliminate external interference.

(1) Parents should create a comfortable, quiet and good environment for their children. It is best to have a separate room, the home is clean and tidy, and it is placed in an orderly manner; Have good living habits, pay attention to order, clean and tidy; Cultivate children's sense of belonging from an early age; Parents try not to play cards and rub hemp at home, and try to reduce the interference of TV and stereo.

(2) Parents should not always disturb and distract their children in the name of care: peel an apple and send it there, and then send a cup of boiled water or drink; Pay attention to keeping a distance to protect your eyes, and remind you to wear more clothes to guard against colds; One minute you criticize what your child did wrong, and then you praise him for doing well now ... this will distract the child and upset him. How can you concentrate on your studies?

(3) Improve children's anti-interference ability. If we blindly emphasize the creation of a good environment and ignore the cultivation of anti-interference ability, it will be hit hard in reality. Cultivate anti-interference ability, let children adapt to various environments, no matter when and where, no matter how inadequate the conditions are, they can quickly become quiet and concentrate on what they want to do. Mao Zedong and Madame Curie are both role models in this respect.

5. Eliminate inner interference. It mainly refers to eliminating the interference caused by some inner emotions. For example, inner turmoil, inner anxiety, psychological pressure, fear of learning, special excitement, anger, sadness and grief will seriously affect the concentration of attention. In the same class, why are some students very attentive and some students not? In addition to learning objectives, interests and other factors, the ability to resist emotional interference is also an important reason.

6. Clear the clutter in front of you. Clean up books and articles that have nothing to do with study on the desk. Sometimes a piece of news in the newspaper on the desk may take away the child's mood, and a gadget may arouse the child's association.

7. Clean up the brain screen. Just like clearing the table, only the things (or themes) to be done now are left on the screen of the brain, and all other things (or themes) disappear temporarily.

8. Conduct sensory training. Train from three aspects: vision, hearing and feeling. For example, only focus on one goal at a time and not be moved by other things; At a certain time, only listen to a certain sound, from many sounds; At a certain time, concentrate on feeling something, such as the existence of the sun and the moon, the temperature of the air, the movement of trees and so on.

9. train wholeheartedly. Cultivate children's ability to concentrate on doing one thing well in a certain period of time and complete it well. In our work, life and study, sometimes we need to do two things at the same time, even multi-tasks, and we should use them flexibly as needed. However, as a means to cultivate concentration, we still need to train wholeheartedly.

10, use interest, explore interest and cultivate interest. Children are already interested, so we should make full use of this interest. Some people don't know if they are interested, so they have to explore and discover their own interests. If you are really not interested, you can also cultivate interest or intersperse some interesting things. For example, a homework ceremony is held for younger children to increase their interest in doing homework. Also, when we have to face learning or activities without interest, we can let children imagine that interest is discovered or cultivated in this process; Or let the children imagine the good results after studying well and finishing, so as to motivate themselves.

1 1, visual field encouragement method.

12, the goal should be clear and appropriate. No matter what you study or do, you should have a clear goal and finish it within the specified time. If the goal is vague, it is impossible to act, or it is aimless. The goal must be set just right, and it can be achieved with one jump. If the goal is set too high, it is easy to get discouraged; Children think that they can't finish it anyway, and they will give up immediately. If the goal is set too low, there will be no motivation, and children will deal with it casually and get sloppy.

13, the method of breaking the whole into parts. It is much easier to break down a big goal into several small goals. Someone did an experiment. When cutting wheat, he divided a long wheat field into several sections and drew a line between each section as a small goal. He was particularly excited when cutting, and the speed was obviously faster than that of cutting wheat in a whole piece without dividing it into small pieces. He felt very relaxed because he had a small goal in mind that could be achieved soon, which kept him seeing hope.

14, combining work and rest, Zhang Chi has a degree. Homework and play, study and rest, easy homework and difficult homework or boring homework are combined and scientifically matched, thus improving attention and learning efficiency.

15, improve the sense of responsibility and gratitude. Let children understand that learning is for themselves, so they must have a sense of responsibility and do their own thing well. It takes a lot of money, energy and effort for a family to raise a child. Economically speaking, it takes hundreds of thousands of yuan to train a college student from small to large. The family pays a lot and the society pays a lot, so we must be grateful. Let the children understand that it is good that we can study with peace of mind. There are still many children in society who don't even have enough to eat, let alone go to school. In addition, some disabled people, or people who are seriously ill or even terminally ill, are still studying hard. We should cherish and be grateful. Let the sense of responsibility and gratitude become the driving force, that is, the desire to learn. With motivation, you can concentrate on your studies.

16, understand the importance of concentration. In the right occasion and time, through telling stories, making up stories and other forms, let children understand that only by concentrating on learning and doing things can they produce good results, thus understanding the importance of concentration. For example, tell children the story of "kitten fishing" and tell older children the story of "playing chess in autumn".

17, understand the value of concentrating on learning and improving learning efficiency. Concentration can improve learning efficiency. Improving efficiency equals saving time. Saving time equals prolonging life, and time is life. A waste of time is a waste of life. A person who lives 70 years old can only live for more than 200,000 days. We must cherish every day and every moment. Life is our greatest wealth. If you understand this truth, you will cherish your time, concentrate on your study and improve your efficiency.

18, reward and punishment measures. Give priority to with positive encouragement and reward, supplemented by appropriate punishment. The combination of spirit and material should be moderate and adjusted in time. You can use "symbolic reward method" and so on, but you should make full use of immediate affirmation, encouragement and praise. Special attention should be paid to changing time into quantity when rewarding, that is, children are required to complete the specified quantity and ensure the quality within a certain period of time in order to be rewarded, rather than how much they will be rewarded as long as they learn.

19. Use clocks to exercise children's attention through "timing method" and "delay method".

20. For children who can't sit still, they can use "counting method", "statue method", "drawing stars method" and "flying method" to train their endurance and concentration.

2 1, starting from life, parents should lead by example.

22. Let children make friends with children who concentrate on learning and pay attention to efficiency, influence each other and learn from each other's strengths.

23. Let children compete with themselves. For example, it used to take an hour to finish homework, but now it takes 55 minutes to finish it, and then it will be increased to 50 minutes, constantly challenging yourself to add fun and improve concentration.

24. Don't stay on the difficult point. Listen first when you encounter difficulties in class, and read first when you encounter difficulties in reading. The difficulty may not be difficult. Even if it is still unresolved, it can be solved at the end, so as not to distract attention and affect the whole process. The same is true for homework and papers. Easy first, then difficult. Don't stop when you encounter difficulties, so as not to waste time and distract your attention.

25, the prevention and treatment of weariness. The goal is too high, the pressure is too great, the study task is too heavy, the homework is too much, the difficulty is too great, there are too many interest classes, too many tutors and so on. , may lead to children without motivation, not interested, unhappy, and even tired of playing truant. Under heavy pressure, it is naturally difficult to concentrate and concentrate on study.

26. Pay attention to physical condition and sleep condition. If you are sick, or your blood lead is seriously exceeding the standard, you should naturally see a doctor for treatment. When you are in poor health, or seriously lack of sleep, or extremely tired, you can't concentrate on your study and work, so you must solve these problems first.

27. Pay attention to the biological clock. It is very important to find the best time for children to study. During this period, the degree of concentration has been greatly improved, and the quality and efficiency are also high.

28. Cultivate an optimistic attitude. With a good attitude, we can calmly cope with difficulties and setbacks, resist all kinds of interference, and concentrate on studying or doing things.

29. Use the subconscious. Through deep breathing, hypnosis and other methods, you can quickly calm down and concentrate.

30. Install the experience switch. Even a very active child has his or her attention, such as watching his or her favorite cartoons and playing his or her favorite games. He or she is always devoted and attentive. Sometimes I watch an animated film several times, but I still concentrate on it and enjoy it. Use the installation experience button method introduced by NLP to transplant children's concentration to other things. When the child is absorbed in watching cartoons, go over and pat him (her) on the shoulder and say to him (her): What are you watching? Repeat this for many times, which is equivalent to installing the experience switch. When a child needs to concentrate on reading and doing homework, pat him or her on the shoulder in the past, and the child will concentrate a lot.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion

There are many ways to concentrate and improve concentration, and the key is to find specific methods suitable for individuals. There are not many laws, as long as they are effective. Try to find some. I believe it can bring you happy and beautiful results.