A few searchable history homework questions. Please help.

2. Globalization is a new phenomenon that has gained increasing prominence in the world since the 1980s and is a fundamental feature of the present era.

There is no uniform definition of globalization. Generally speaking, from the point of view of material form, globalization refers to the transboundary flow of goods and capital, which has gone through the stages of transnationalization, local internationalization and globalization. The transnational flow of goods and capital is the initial form of globalization. In this process, there are corresponding regional and international economic management organizations and economic entities, as well as transnational exchanges, collisions, conflicts and integration of culture, life style, values, ideology and other spiritual forces.

On the whole, globalization is a multifaceted concept with economic globalization at its core, encompassing the interconnections, influences and constraints of all countries, ethnic groups and regions at multiple levels and in multiple fields, such as politics, culture, science and technology, military affairs, security, ideology, lifestyles and values, etc. "Globalization" can be defined as the process by which all countries, ethnic groups and regions are linked to each other in the world. "Globalization" can be summarized as the globalization of science and technology, economy, politics, rule of law, management, organization, culture, ideology, interpersonal communication and international relations.

2. Globalization is a provocative word. Advocates envision that it will bring unprecedented progress and prosperity to the entire world; critics assert that it will bring poverty, war and even cultural genocide to developing countries. What is globalization? Are we really experiencing unprecedented globalization? What has globalization brought us in the past?

What is globalization?

Globalization is the process by which the flow of material and spiritual goods breaks through regional and national boundaries to affect life in every corner of the planet. Globalization also includes the movement of people across borders. Human mobility is the highest degree of integration of material and spiritual mobility.

Technological progress is the driving force behind all social change, and advances in transportation and communication technology are the backbone of globalization. Advances in transportation facilitate the globalization of people and material goods, while advances in communications facilitate the globalization of spiritual goods. Of course, the roles of the two types of technology are often inseparable. The Internet mobilizes capital, and ships spread the spirit.

Technological progress aside, globalization is the globalization of capital, and the globalization of the "ism" of capital, that is, the globalization of the primacy of profit - a nature of globalization that Marx discussed 150 years ago. Except in times of war, capital is in a frenzied pursuit of profit on a global scale, 24 hours a day, and it never tires. So globalization so far has manifested itself in the expansion of the market economic system throughout the world. All other aspects of globalization, including the internationalized ****productivist movement, are derived from the globalization of capital. If the expansion of the world market is inevitable, so is globalization. Since globalization affects life in every corner of the planet, people certainly want to have their own distinct positions. The complexity of the issue of globalization lies in the fact that different things can produce different results in different spaces and at different times. There are an infinite number of variables in these four categories. Since people can't predict all the variables, they have to rely on ideology to determine their positions.

For many supporters, globalization is an ideology based on the ideal of a common world. To support globalization is to respect the "law of the market" and to follow the trend of history. For many opponents, anti-globalization is an ideology based on the ideal of a world of equality. Anti-globalization means opposing the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor, and opposing hegemony. Ideological tendency is human nature and an important driving force for human progress. However, the author does not want to talk about ideology here, but only wants to discuss the matter.

We are experiencing unprecedented globalization?

Is globalization in the era of the "Sunset" empire inferior to that of the United States of America? If McDonald's and KFC represent globalization, Chinese restaurants have been landing all over the world for the last century, and their popularity today is far greater than that of American fast food. I suspect that today's globalization has been exaggerated by the rapidly expanding "press".

The current globalization is largely the result of rapid advances in communications technology, not transportation technology. From the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, there was a qualitative leap in transportation technology, represented by ships, railroads, automobiles and airplanes, and the international exchange of people and goods increased geometrically. Immigration was easy, entry was not strictly regulated, and passports were optional. The Americas began to be filled with immigrants in that era, and it was then that the Chinese began to change to Western-style clothing, Western-style ink and pen, carrying foreign guns, living in foreign houses, using foreign fires, using foreign nails, as well as going to the South Seas, breaking into the West Seas, and going to the East Seas.

Even with the flow of capital, I'm afraid the old days may not have been far behind. 100 years ago there were a lot of Chinese people depositing, withdrawing and borrowing money in banks run by foreigners. Currency was freely convertible then. Capital export was seen by Lenin as one of the main features of traditional imperialism. Today's globalization is said to be reflected in "financial capital" flows on an astonishing scale. Every day, more than $1 trillion is gambled and speculated on the world's financial markets, and the annual global "hot money" amounts to $400 trillion. But what does that tell us? Today's international trade volume is only 8 trillion dollars. How can international financial gambling affect life in every corner of the world? Capital is one of the three elements of the economy, and its fundamental significance is to promote the efficiency of the combination of labor and means of production. But how much efficiency does the "capital" used for international gambling promote? The backbone of globalization is industrial and commercial capital, not "gambling capital".

The use of electricity, the rise of radio, the telephone, the popularization of the press, and later the age of television were not necessarily less significant advances in any of these communications technologies than the Internet. Thus, the globalization of spiritual products in the past was no less significant than today, and the diversification of spiritual products was no less significant than today. Otherwise, how did the ideas of democracy, the ideas of the ****-producers, and even other ideologies of various kinds spread throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries? In addition to huge amounts of "financial capital", today's globalization is said to be reflected in the flourishing popularity of the Internet. The Internet has made the transfer of information fast and easy. But having information is obviously not the same thing as having knowledge, and an increase in the amount of information does not necessarily increase the diversity of ideas. The concepts of Americans today are no more pluralistic than they were during the Vietnam War, nor are they more pluralistic than they were in India. The concepts of the Chinese intelligentsia today are not even necessarily more pluralistic than they were in the Warring States period 2,300 years ago. Was not Peking University in the 1920s much more diversified in terms of ideas than today's universities? Chinese people are certainly more diverse in their ideas now than they were 20 years ago, but that's not a result of the Internet.

The two world wars plus the Cold War, which stretched over 80 years, cut off the world's globalization process, making the international exchanges that began to resume after the Cold War seem sudden and novel. I am not a historian, but I would not be surprised if some historian told me that in the last century and the early years of the last century, there was a higher degree of international exchange of people, materials, capital and spirit than there is today.

Of course, I am not saying that the globalization of the future will not exceed the globalization of the past.

What does globalization bring?

Whether or not we are in the midst of an unprecedented process of globalization, past experiences are instructive. The historical experience of globalization can be divided into four broad categories: moral issues; issues of gain; issues of convergence and divergence; and issues of internationalism and nationalism. The following four characteristics of globalization correspond to these four issues.

1. Globalization that lacks the morality of the rule of law. Marketization within any country matures as the rule of law matures. International marketization, however, does not take place under the rule of law and cannot "mature". As long as there is no world government, the so-called rule of law in international markets is simply not possible. When the legislature, the judiciary and the executive are all under one roof, only idealists can hope for fairness, and only those who are best able to profit from unfairness can talk about how fair the international order is. Without a global government governed by the rule of law, so-called "global governance" cannot be the governance of international justice.

2. Globalization without the ability to predict national gains and losses. It is very difficult to talk abstractly about the conditions under which one gains or loses from globalization. Strong countries, weak countries, large countries, and small countries can all gain or lose. Traditionally, China was defeated by globalization, but it also rose from globalization at a rapid pace. The British Empire rose from globalization and fell from globalization. The United States, although it has been the biggest beneficiary of globalization, is now showing a tendency to be lukewarm to globalization, because the United States is beginning to feel the cost.

3. Globalization that stimulates the pursuit of differences. The "convergence" caused by globalization is shallow, but the "pursuit of difference" caused by globalization is profound. The pursuit of difference is the most profound characteristic of the age of globalization. The capital of globalization is inhumane; it brings about radical social changes, stimulates the rise of various ideologies, and is inevitably accompanied by fierce conflicts between social groups, ideologies and even nation-states. In the past, globalization brought prosperity and progress, but also revolution, civil war and "world war".

4. Promote the globalization of nationalism and national boundaries. There is no doubt that internationalism in all its forms and manifestations has arisen from globalization in recent times. But globalization has brought with it stronger nationalism, passports and customs, barriers to human interaction, "inviolable" national boundaries, more sophisticated weapons and stronger national defense. In the past, globalization was not won by internationalism, but by nationalism, especially nationalism. Today, we see the rise of the doctrine of the "United States of Europe", the use of European currencies, the consolidation of European borders, the establishment of European customs, and the unification of European defenses. What is the stimulus for this new "Western European nationalism"? Which of the United States, which of Japan, which of Western Europe ...... is still talking about internationalism? Who can say that globalization eliminates national borders when the battlefield for the security of borders has been extended to outer space? Once upon a time, the Olympics and the World Cup, which were set up for universal joy, actually became national gladiatorial arenas, and the competition between nations even became the capital of competition within nation-states.

Conclusion

For the sake of "economic efficiency," people have moved from the vast, scattered, self-sufficient countryside into the cities. They lived in dense clusters, close to each other, dependent on each other, but surviving only through calculating, competing, and turning on each other. People in the city do not look different, but everyone from the bones in the pursuit of difference. Only different to survive in the competition to stand out. The cruel market competition makes more and more "villagers" gradually become people who lack moral sense and lose the concept of justice, and they worship all the "civilization" brought by capital, or simply worship capital itself. People naturally forget that the lives of the Afghan poor are equal to those in the World Trade Center. They will burn candles for the more than 2,000 "civilized" lives in New York, but they will never think of burning incense for the more than 4,000 "barbaric" martyrs in Afghanistan. Humanity can openly claim that selfishness and predation of the weak are in its nature and lead to "the greatest happiness for the greatest number". Such human beings have no choice but to replace the fence separating families with security gates made of steel, and to replace the elders mediating neighborhood disputes with police officers armed to the teeth. When the poor, vast global village became a prosperous, small global city, their respective "national interests" rightly became the supreme rule of international relations, and force naturally became a prerequisite for security and order

When internationalization began to tend to refer to such a process, today's globalization is used to distinguish between a series of trends, many of which became particularly pronounced after the Second World War, and which have become more pronounced since then. many of which became particularly prominent after World War II. They include:

growth in the number of common standards worldwide, e.g., copyright law

increase in international trade at a faster rate than the growth of the world economy

growth in the shares of the world economy controlled by multinational corporations

development of a global financial system

more international cultural influences, e.g., through the Hollywood export of films

Decrease in cultural diversity

Development of international tourism

Growth of information resources available through technologies such as the Internet and the telephone

Growth of immigration, including illegal immigration

Many of these trends are viewed positively by a wide variety of globalization-supporting organizations, and in many cases, globalization is viewed positively by governments and others. Globalization is actively promoted by governments and others. For example, there is the economic theory that comparative advantage allows free trade to distribute resources more efficiently and to the benefit of both parties involved in the trade.

The barriers to international trade have been considerably reduced since World War II through many international organizations such as GATT. In particular, the World Trade Organization (WTO), which evolved from GATT:

Enhancement of free trade

Commodities: reduction or elimination of tariffs; creation of free trade zones to reduce tariffs

Financing: reduction or elimination of financial controls (which can affect the development of trade)

Reduction or elimination of subsidies to local industries (to achieve fair trade)

Intellectual property protection

Harmonization of intellectual property laws between countries (typically, adding more restrictions)

Recognition of intellectual property restrictions across borders (e.g., patents granted in China can be recognized in the U.S.)

Also, there is a lot of recognition by the anti-globalization movement that these are harmful.

3. What is an industrial revolution

An industrial revolution is generally defined as a major change in the industrial structure of the national economy as a result of a major scientific or technological breakthrough, leading to a new outlook on all aspects of the economy and society.

The historical process of the Industrial Revolution

The first Industrial Revolution, also known as the Industrial Revolution, refers to the transition from the capitalist workshop industry based on manual technology to the capitalist factory system using machines. From the seventeenth century to the eighteenth century, the victory of the bourgeois revolution in Britain and France cleared the way for the development of productive forces, and the development of capitalist workshop handicrafts and scientific and technological inventions and creations prepared the conditions for the transition to large-scale machine industry. With the expansion of the market, the workshop handicraft industry based on handmade technology was increasingly unable to meet the needs, and the bourgeoisie, in pursuit of more profits, widely adopted new technologies. The Industrial Revolution first took place in Britain. It first started with the textile industry in the 1860s. The invention and adoption of the steam engine in the 1980s prompted the industrial revolution to go further, spreading to the chemical, extractive, metallurgical and machine-building sectors. After Britain, France, Germany and the United States also completed their industrial revolutions in the nineteenth century. The establishment of large-scale machine industry laid the material foundation for the capitalist system, which finally overcame the feudal system and became dominant. The industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of the capitalist productive forces and increased the degree of socialization of production. A series of inventions and creations during the first industrial revolution constituted the first scientific and technological revolution in the world.

After the 1770s, liberal capitalism entered the period of monopoly capitalism. 1873 saw the outbreak of an unprecedented and profound world economic crisis, which intensified the competition between enterprises, sectors, and capitalist countries, promoting the emergence of a series of industrial inventions and creations in the capitalist world. The invention of generators and electric motors led to the advent of the "electrification" era; the emergence of the internal combustion engine facilitated the exploitation of oil; and the invention of the telephone, the tram and the radio further facilitated transportation. This led to the second worldwide scientific and technological revolution. During this period, the improvement of steel-making technology, the wide application of chemistry in industry, especially the invention and application of the internal combustion engine, not only made the original heavy industry (iron and steel, coal mining, machine manufacturing, etc.) has further development, but also the formation and development of a series of new industrial sectors, such as electric power, electrical appliances, chemical, petroleum, automobile and aircraft manufacturing, etc., so that the world's industrial production has a new development. By the end of the nineteenth century, heavy industry began to dominate world industry. Following Britain, advanced countries such as the United States, France, Germany and Japan achieved industrialization and became industrial countries dominated by heavy industry. The progress of industry and the expansion of the capitalist economic system to the whole world promoted the development of transportation and international trade, and at the same time promoted the development of agricultural production, the farming technology of each capitalist country was further improved, and food production increased significantly.

After the Second World War, due to the imperialist countries, the domestic production of centralized monopoly and socialization of the process of strengthening, the growing international competition, as well as the militarization of the national economy continues to develop, in the world's major industrial countries, experienced a profound scientific and technological revolution, people called the third scientific and technological revolution. This revolution has been marked by the use of nuclear energy, the development of electronic computers and space technology, and the development of the oceans. The scientific and technological revolution has spread to various fields, and a series of new science and technology has emerged, on the basis of which many brand-new industrial sectors have been formed, such as the polymer synthesis industry, the nuclear industry, the electronic computer industry, the semiconductor industry, the aerospace industry, the bio-engineering industry, the laser optical fiber industry, etc. In particular, the electronic computer, the control and the optical fibers have become more important. In particular, the development of electronic computers, control and automation technology has replaced some of the work of the human brain and greatly enhanced the degree of automation in production, thereby increasing labour productivity and promoting the rapid development of the economies of the major industrial countries, while the agriculture of these countries has also been modernized. Mankind has also made many new advances in its quest for resources from the oceans and the conquest of the universe, as well as in the exploration of new sources of energy and raw materials. In addition, the non-material production sector, known as the tertiary sector, has also developed rapidly. The widespread adoption of electronic computers, especially microprocessors, is changing people's labor and lifestyle, and microprocessors are entering family life, which will have an immeasurable social impact.

The conceptual framework system of the industrial revolution

There are many different theoretical framework systems for analyzing the industrial revolution, the most important of which are Schumpeter's theory of innovation, Kondratieff's long-wave theory and Rostow's take-off theory.

(1) The Wave of Technological Revolution

The arrival of the wave of technological revolution is typically characterized by the emergence of major inventions in batches. Before the wave of technological revolution, scientists had already made theoretical preparations for the inventions they were going to make, and they made some big scientific discoveries or put forward some brand-new theories, and they often put forward some ideas about the application of these discoveries or theories themselves. However, due to technical or financial constraints, or simply due to the scientists' lack of interest in invention, these scientific discoveries may remain at the theoretical level for a long period of time, which can be called the period of the scientific revolution, or can be regarded as the latent period of the wave of the technological revolution. However, since there is a great deal of uncertainty about the duration of this period, we do not regard this period as a phase of a wave of technological revolution. With the passage of time, when there is an urgent need to solve some major problems in society, inventors will come onto the stage of history. Based on their understanding and mastery of the relevant scientific discoveries, combined with their in-depth knowledge of the nature of the problems and the needs of the society, they will give full play to their imaginations and hands-on talents, and after repeated tests, they will ultimately invent a new product that can help solve the problems of the society. We have noticed that when an invention is first made, the new product is often very simple, inefficient and often breaks down. As a result, improvements are constantly being made to the original invention, and in the process, new inventions are constantly being made. In the later stages of the technological revolution, technologically mature and practical products finally appeared, and the mass production of such products and their widespread use in enterprises triggered the next wave of the industrial revolution - the business revolution wave.

(2) The wave of business revolution

The application of new technologies in the field of production means a change in the production function, which is not an easy thing, because the recombination of factors of production is exactly what Schumpeter said, "creative destruction", it is necessary to break the original combination of factors of production, which will meet with a lot of resistance. Heavy resistance, can overcome these resistance to innovation to the end is what Schumpeter said entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs have the spirit of innovation without fear of risk, in order to realize their own ambitions and ideals, entrepreneurs often give up the original well-paid and stable position, to create a new business from scratch. Therefore, a typical feature of the wave of business revolution is the emergence of batches of start-up companies. Among these new start-up companies, a considerable number of them were forced to close down due to business failure, but a few companies that persisted became the leading enterprises of the new generation. The establishment of new firms brings brand-new business ideas and ways of doing business to the business world, forcing the old firms to rethink their usual ways of doing business. As a result, in the competition between the old and new companies, new and increasingly sophisticated operational processes and management methods gradually gained popularity and became the standard way of doing business that was generally accepted in the industry. In the process of the flourishing business revolution, through the marketing activities of enterprises, the superiority of new technologies and new inventions are gradually recognized by the majority of consumers, once the performance and price of products based on new inventions to the level acceptable to the majority of consumers, the grassroots revolution has begun.

(3) The Wave of Grassroots Revolution

Consumers accept new products at different paces, with wealthy and enthusiastic consumers buying products based on new technologies first. If these products are indeed good value for money, the new products will quickly become popular, as demonstrated by these early consumers. As more and more people accept the new products, the number of new product styles increases in order to meet the needs of different consumers. At the same time, a large number of consumers are likely to discover some new uses for the products in the course of using the new products, allowing the product market to expand further. The popularization of new products facilitated people's lives, which in turn changed their lifestyles and values, and ultimately triggered a comprehensive change in society. In the later stages of the Grassroots Revolution, new products filled almost every corner of society, but people have long been blind to them, completely forgetting what life was like before these products appeared.

Understanding of the Industrial Revolution

There are many different opinions on the understanding of the industrial revolution, some people proposed that there is an industrial revolution, some people proposed that there are many industrial revolutions, and the most have proposed that there are five industrial revolutions, the so-called meaning of the revolution refers to the fundamental change of its entire organizational structure and architecture, only then can it be called an industrial revolution. Industry is a basic organizational structure of social and economic operation. Industry is not never there, is with the development of economic and social activities of human society, in the production activities of the continuous systematization, systematization, structuring process gradually formed.

It should be said that in the ancient times of human society, there is no industrial form, to the ancient society formed a sub-industry of agriculture and animal husbandry. However, the connection between simple agriculture and simple animal husbandry production happened by chance, and has not yet formed a system, which is the embryonic period of industry. It was only when commerce and handicrafts arose that an industrial system was really formed, that is, with agriculture as the mainstay, animal husbandry as an important component, handicrafts and commerce as a separate sector differentiated, and continuous and regular links formed between the various sectors, forming a preliminary structural system of socio-economic operation. By this time, the basic industrial structure had been formed. Some people call this process an industrial revolution. I do not think it is a revolution; it is a period of preliminary industrial formation. The industrial revolution was generated by new forces, which began to be nurtured from the 16th century onward, and the formation of the industrial machine production system, which fundamentally changed the entire industrial structure system, was called a revolution. It is also generally referred to as the middle of the 18th century, broke out in Britain, to the invention of the steam engine, the use of the practical and practical as a symbol of the machine mass production. It was the formation of the social production system and the way of economic operation marked by machine production that marked the Industrial Revolution. This industrial revolution took place when the entire socio-economic skeleton was fundamentally changed, as has been recognized by researchers in different fields ****. In contemporary times, a new industrial revolution has taken place, and this time it is not a technological revolution or the creation of new industries as generally believed, but a fundamental change in the entire structure of social production and socio-economic organization. We can illustrate this problem from the continuation and development of the modern industrial revolution to the present industrial revolution.

Characteristics of the Contemporary Industrial Revolution

The breakthrough of the Contemporary Industrial Revolution is the change in the way of technological progress as a precursor to technological innovation in the formation of a new sector of social production as the main feature. The first industrial revolution is to machine-based production, machine production, the formation of the machine production system as the main feature. The machines of the first generation were basically manufactured by manual labor, made by some skilled craftsmen with hand tools, without even a general conceptual design. For example, the transformation of the steam engine, in the Middle Ages there was a steam engine, mainly for coal mine pumping, but did not really reach the level of practicality, it is not yet possible to be used as a kind of power equipment for processing and manufacturing production process. Watt, the inventor of the steam engine, did not actually receive a systematic scientific education, but was only a skilled craftsman who often went to the university to repair steam engines, and was influenced by some scientific ways of thinking. At that time, the steam engine was used as a teaching model in the university, and often broke down and needed to be repaired, so the skilled craftsman became the person who triggered the first industrial revolution to meet the opportunity. Watt improved the steam engine in the process of repairing it, eventually bringing it to a practical level. Due to the comprehensive development of man-made power machinery manufacturing industry, so that a new generation of machines can be produced by the machine, thus forming a whole big machine production system, which is the formation of the machine production system as the main feature, that is, generally known as the traditional process of industrialization.

The contemporary industrial revolution is a change in the mode of technological progress of society as a whole, and the industrialization of technological innovation as the main feature of the development of technological progress should be said to have begun a long time ago, and this change has the depth of scientific, highly social and systematic industrialization of these three basic features.

In the first industrial revolution, the role of science is very small, and technological innovation is basically based on experience. Workers on the front line of production constantly groped and accumulated experience to improve the tools of production, and the first generation of machines was also created by groping and groping with the accumulation of experience. The first generation of machine tools did not differ much from hand tools, except that the power system was replaced by a steam engine. The problems studied by scientists were also still rarely linked to technological improvements in industrial production.

After the middle of the 19th century, the situation changed radically. The development of industrial technology was increasingly linked to science, as exemplified by the emergence of the electric power industry. Prior to this, industrial production was visible and tangible, and relied on sensory experience to grasp. After the creation of the electric power industry, it is impossible to understand by simple experience, because the electromagnetic process can only be grasped by theoretical abstract thinking, and it is impossible to invent electric motors and generators without understanding and grasping the electromagnetic theory. The invention of electric motors and generators is actually produced under the direct participation of scientists and under the guidance of scientific theory, and is a scientific industrialized technical system, which is a product of the development process of science tilted in the whole society.

What's more, the entire industry of chemical industry is named with the name of the discipline. Chemical industry is a very old industry, in the beginning of the emergence of mankind there is the germ of the chemical industry. But until the middle of the 19th century, it has nothing to do with science directly, of course, there is no name of a unified industrial system, in the long process of development mainly rely on daily life in the accumulation of the original sprouting production experience, is the product of the continuous accumulation of life experience and production experience. To the 19th century, due to chance, produced organic chemical industry. During the rapid development of the steel industry, a large amount of waste called coal tar was produced. In the course of researching how to treat coal tar, it was discovered by chance that it could be used as a raw material for the production of dyes. Since dyes were very expensive at that time, countries competed to utilize this technology to produce dyes, and a new large social production sector, the organic chemistry industry, was soon formed. Chemistry, the subject of many theories to be built on the basis of experiments, experimental processes in the laboratory, easier to industrialize, so in the chemical industry now, many companies have a strong laboratory, the modernization of the products of science are basically in the laboratory sprouting test production. The chemical industry has long been the depth of scientific industrial field.

In fact, from the middle of the 19th century, the main force of technological progress has begun to change, engineers and technicians with systematic scientific education, scientists are becoming the dominant force of technological progress. Of course, this is still only in individual industries, and the development of most industries still relies on experience for technological improvement. The progress of society is an uneven process, there are fast and slow, the more traditional areas the slower the progress, and the traditional areas through the transformation of science is also the development of the inevitable. after the twentieth century, this process is becoming more and more popular, to the present day, it can be said that the vast majority of with such characteristics. For example, the creation of a project is based on a scientific analysis of the objectives to be achieved by the research. This practice, which began only in the 19th century, is now so widespread that a feasibility study is done before any project begins. These are manifestations of fundamental change. Nowadays, any ground-breaking advance is carried out in a scientific way, with the cooperation of many people, and cannot be realized by one person alone. A high degree of socialization is another essential feature of contemporary technological innovation.

The contemporary industrial revolution is a fundamental change in the way technology progresses, and the development of deep science is a historical process, in which the most important point is that the main driving force of this process has been transferred to systematically trained engineers and technicians. The older generation of revolutionaries in our country attached great importance to technological innovation and technological progress, but failed to recognize that the leading force of technological progress had changed, and that engineers and technicians played a dominant role in technological progress, and were still regarded as competent craftsmen engaged in production on the front line. Therefore, we selected many technological innovators at that time, all of whom were first-line skilled craftsmen. This has frustrated the enthusiasm of many engineers and technicians to invest in innovative activities at the micro level, and constrained the historical process of industrialization and development of technological innovation at the macro level.