Basic knowledge of road freight transportation

Basic knowledge of road freight transportation

Highway transportation is one of the main modes of modern transportation, and it is also one of the two basic modes of land transportation. It occupies an important position in the whole transportation field and plays an increasingly important role. Then, the following is the basic knowledge of road freight transportation that I have compiled for you. Welcome to read and browse.

First, the characteristics and functions of highway transportation

Highway transportation is a flexible, simple and fast mode of transportation, which has greater advantages than railway and air transportation in short-distance cargo distribution, especially in realizing door-to-door transportation. Although other modes of transportation have their own characteristics and advantages, they all rely on road transportation to complete the transportation tasks at both ends. For example, the collection and distribution of goods in railway stations, water transport ports and airports are inseparable from road transportation.

However, road transportation also has some limitations, such as: small load capacity, not suitable for loading heavy and bulky goods, not suitable for long-distance transportation; The vehicle vibrates greatly in operation, which is easy to cause cargo damage and cargo difference accidents. At the same time, the transportation cost is higher than that of water transport and railway.

Second, the operation mode of highway transportation

Under the condition of market economy, the organizational forms of highway transportation generally include the following categories.

Public transport industry (public carrier)

This kind of enterprise specializes in automobile cargo transportation business and serves the whole society. Its operation mode is as follows:

1. Rule alignment. No matter how much goods are loaded, you should drive on a fixed route according to the timetable.

2. The lines are irregular. On the fixed route, according to the cargo load, send cars to drive.

3. The zoning is irregular. According to the needs of the goods, send cars to drive in a fixed area.

(2) the contract carrier

Transport the goods according to the transport contract signed by the supporting party. Generally, some large industrial and mining enterprises have signed contracts with them, and the annual passenger flow is large and stable. Generally speaking, the term of a contract is relatively long, ranging from half a year to one year to several years. According to the contract, the shipper guarantees to provide certain freight and the carrier guarantees to provide the required transportation capacity.

(3) Private operators

Factories, enterprises and institutions own cars, which are specially designed to transport their own materials and products, and are generally not open to the public.

(4) Freight Forwarders

I don't know the source of goods or the mode of transportation. As middlemen, they collect goods from shippers and entrust them to transportation companies in order to collect handling fees and commissions. Some auto freight forwarders specialize in collecting sporadic goods from the owner, collecting them into a whole vehicle, and then consigning them to the transportation company in the name of the owner to earn the difference between LTL and the whole vehicle.

Third, road freight.

Highway freight is calculated by "ton/mile". Generally, there are two calculation standards, one is to stipulate the basic freight rate according to the cargo grade, and the other is to stipulate the basic freight rate according to the pavement grade. If a transportation route contains more than two grade highways, the freight shall be calculated separately according to the actual mileage. Special roads such as mountainous areas, river beds and Yuan Ye sections shall be agreed by both supporting parties through consultation.

Highway freight rates are divided into FCL and LCL, and the latter is generally 30-50% higher than the former. According to the regulations of China's highway transportation department, consignments exceeding two and a half tons are regarded as vehicle transportation, and the vehicle rate is applicable; Less than two and a half tons is LTL transportation, and the LTL rate is applicable. Where the weight of the goods is one kilogram and the volume exceeds four cubic decimeters, the goods are light bubble goods (or metered goods). The freight of light bubble goods for the whole vehicle is calculated according to the approved tonnage of the loaded vehicle; Light foam goods under one ton are calculated according to their length, width and height, and every four cubic decimeters are converted into one kilogram, with the kilogram as the charging unit. In addition, there is also a lump sum rate calculated according to the service time (hours or days) of the vehicle.

Fourth, the scope of responsibility.

(1) Liability of the carrier

The responsibility period of the road transport carrier is from the time of receipt of the goods to the time of delivery. During this period, the carrier shall be responsible for the loss and damage of the goods. However, the carrier shall not be liable for the loss or damage of the goods not caused by the carrier's responsibility. According to China's highway transportation laws and regulations, the carrier is not responsible for the loss or damage of goods caused by the following reasons:

1. Natural disasters caused by force majeure or changes in the nature of the goods themselves and natural loss of the goods in transit.

2. The package is intact, but the inside is damaged or deteriorated.

3 in violation of national laws or regulations, detained, abandoned or otherwise handled by the relevant departments.

4. The consignee fails to take delivery of the goods within the time limit or refuses to take delivery of the goods, resulting in mildew and deterioration of the goods.

5. If there is an escort, be responsible for leaving the escort on the road.

The price compensation of the goods shall be based on the actual loss value. If the goods are partially damaged, compensation shall be made according to the reduced amount of the damaged goods or according to the repair cost.

The validity of the claim shall not exceed six months from the date of issuance of the invoice for the goods. The responsible party shall handle the claim within two months from the date of filing the claim.

(2) Liability of the shipper

The responsibilities of road transport shippers are basically the same as those of railway and sea transport, mainly including: providing goods in a specified quantity on time; Provide an accurate and detailed description of the goods; The goods are clearly marked; The package is complete and suitable for transportation; Pay the freight as required. It is generally stipulated that if the vehicle is stranded or unloaded due to the shipper's responsibility, the shipper shall bear the losses such as delay fee and idling fee.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Conventions and agreements on the international carriage of goods by road.

In order to unify the documents used in road transport and the carrier's liability, the Economic Commission for Europe affiliated to the United Nations was responsible for drafting the Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods by Road, which was unanimously adopted and signed at the meetings attended by Geneva 1956 and 19. The Convention consists of 12, chapter 5 1, which provides detailed provisions on the scope of application, the carrier's responsibility, the signing and performance of the contract, claims and litigation, and the carrier's continued performance of the contract.

In addition, in order to facilitate the combined transportation of containers and enable them to pass through countries intact, the member countries of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe concluded a tariff agreement on containers in 1956.

The signatories of this agreement are 2 1 European countries and 7 countries outside Europe. The purpose of the agreement is to allow containers to transit duty-free. According to this agreement, and at the initiative of the Economic Commission for Europe, an international road freight agreement was also concluded. According to the rules, a container road transport carrier can arrive at the destination from the place of departure without inspection, payment of customs duties or provision of a deposit if he holds the TIR manual. This TIR Manual is issued by a transport group approved by the relevant national governments. Most of these groups are members of the International Road Federation, and they must ensure that their transport enterprises comply with customs regulations and other rules. The official name of the agreement is "Tariff Agreement on International Freight Transport based on the Manual of the TIR Convention".

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