What is the origin of tulou?

Earth building is a building with walls (a few of which are made of adobe bricks), columns and beams all made of wood, which is made of clay mixed with a certain proportion of unfired sandy clay and clayey sandy soil. In short, it is a two-story building built with adobe slabs as the load-bearing system. According to the Modern Chinese Dictionary, the so-called "building" means "a house with two or more floors". Accordingly, a one-story house, even if it is supported by adobe walls and has timber as columns and beams, can not be called adobe, but adobe. [ 1]?

Tulou is a unique large-scale residential form in the world, and it is called the treasure of traditional houses in China.

Tulou is a large-scale residential building distributed in Hakka areas such as Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong in the southeast of China, which uses raw soil as the main building material, combines raw soil with wood structure, and uses stone to varying degrees. They are the products of several historical upheavals and mass migration in China and even East Asia. Among them, Fujian Tulou has the widest distribution, the largest number, the richest types and the best preservation. [ 1]?

There are more than 3,000 earth buildings strictly confirmed in Fujian, mainly distributed in Yongding County, Longyan, Fujian, Nanjing County and Hua 'an County, Zhangzhou, Fujian, among which Hakka earth buildings are the representatives. The climax of tulou construction is the turmoil in China and the Hakka family.

When this group of people moved from the central plains to the south. These periods include the Huang Chao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the southward migration in the Southern Song Dynasty and the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. /kloc-After the 7th century, not only Hakkas finally settled in the southeast coast of China, but also earth buildings were distributed.

China, Fujian and Guangdong are the main areas. This special building was built to resist wild animals and robbers in the mountains and to embody the ideal of a big family living together under Confucianism.

Tulou has a long history, which came into being in113rd century (Song and Yuan Dynasties), developed in14-16th century (early and middle Ming Dynasty) and reached17-the first half of the 20th century. [ 1]?

In terms of architectural form, earth buildings have also experienced the development process from earth castles (villages) to earth buildings: the Great Wall rammed with raw soil, earth buildings with early residential integration, earth castles (villages) and fort (villages) houses, stone-free earth buildings and mature earth buildings.

The appearance of tulou is closely related to the southward migration of residents in the Central Plains. Yongjia period in the Western Jin Dynasty (307- 307)

3 12), due to years of war in the north, rare droughts and locusts occurred, and a large number of residents of the Central Plains moved south, and a large part of them came to Fujian, bringing the advanced culture of the Central Plains, and Fujian began to show new vitality. the Tang Dynasty

In the second year of Zhang Zong (669), in order to consolidate the rule of Fujian, Tang Gaozong sent Zheng Chen and Chen Yuanguang to lead the troops into Fujian from the Central Plains and stationed in Zhangzhou and other places in southern Fujian. At the end of the Tang Dynasty (7th-8th century), people in the Central Plains fled the war.

Chaos, once again large-scale southward migration, a large part of which went to Quanzhou, Fuzhou and Jianzhou in northern Fujian. The Han people in the Central Plains who entered Zhangzhou and Quanzhou in southeast Fujian are merging with the aborigines.

In the process of integration and development, the Fulao ethnic group, represented by Minnan dialect, has been formed, and through continuous migration overseas, tens of millions of overseas Chinese groups mainly distributed in Southeast Asian countries have been formed.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 127- 1279), due to the attack of the northern Jin people,

Tulou (15)

During the reign, many people in the Central Plains moved south. Most of these people went south through Ganzhou, Jiangxi, and entered Tingzhou, southwest Fujian. They brought the language and culture of the Central Plains, and after long-term integration with the local culture, they formed a dialect represented by Hakka dialect.

Hakka people, through subsequent southward migration and overseas migration, have formed Hakka ethnic groups mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Taiwan Province provinces in China, as well as tens of millions of Hakka overseas Chinese ethnic groups all over the world.

Body.

Archaeological results show that it has been widely spread in China and even Central Asia and East Asia since the Neolithic Age more than 6,000 years ago.

In a vast area, the history of rammed houses and settlement buildings began. From11-13rd century, the traditional adobe architectural art developed under the specific historical migration background and unique natural environment conditions.

The bustling "earth building" is a peculiar architectural category. Fujian Tulou recorded the whole process of this historical development.

From the end of the Warring States to the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Fujian's rammed earth construction technology has been quite successful.

Yes, the city walls left over from the late Warring States period in Xindian, Fuzhou, to the ruins of the ancient city in the Han Dynasty (2nd century BC-BC 1 century) and the ruins of Yuewangcheng Village in Wuyishan (BC 1 century) were all rammed with raw soil. Tang and Five Dynasties (7

After the 8th century, forts and stockades with strong military defensive nature appeared in Fujian, and the walls of these forts and stockades were mostly built by rammed earth against the mountain. [ 1]?

Tulou poster

Most of these rammed earth castles (stockades) have been called stockades by local people since ancient times, and they have been basically destroyed, or only broken walls is left, or they have been demolished and rebuilt, or they have only been used as place names to this day. Last century

The Records of Yongding County published before the 1940s recorded the names of many villages, but most of them were gone. They were replaced by earth buildings or brick-concrete buildings built later, leaving only a few recognizable remains.

Most of them are just broken walls. So far, before the Southern Song Dynasty, there were Xinzhai, Chizhai, Xihu Village, Jinzhai, Renzi Village, Long 'an Village, Shuizhai, Gaozhai Village, Li Tou Village, Luozhai Village, Yongan Village and Toyota Shangzhai Village in Yongding.

Xinzhai, Xiazhai, Zhongzhai, Longwangzhai, Wanggang Village, Hejiazhai, Heiyun Village, Huyang Village, Tonggu Village, Shangdizhai, Longqizhai, Julio Village, Taiping Village, Yangjiazhai, Tiandezhai, Su Wu Village, Zengwu Village and Gaotou in Li Jinfeng.

Zhai, Jin Shanzhai and so on. These villages are rammed with raw soil, which are not only residential houses, but also buildings with outstanding defense functions. [2]?

For the study of the oldest earth building, it is found that the earliest document recording "earth building" is the record of rebuilding the cash desk.

"Rebuilding Gan Tai Zhi" records:

"Thieves Deng Huiquan, Deng Xingzu and Xie Daji in Yong 'an County, Fujian Province, gathered 4,000 people in Jiajing 38 years, occupied large and small land and water arteries, built two earth buildings, chiseled ponds and built fences, and became a corner with Longyan thief Liao Xuan ..."

The book in the same volume goes on to record:' The siege of the earth building has been restored, and the bird thief led Wu Changfu, beheading 1 10.

Lan Lina Tulou Oil Painting "Seeing Nanshan leisurely"

19, Deng Xingzu resisted by the building alone, and he could not attack. Liu Zongyin, an official appointed by the Communist Party of China, led 3,400 soldiers to Gutian and sneaked into the night ... but the earth building was still intact. Guo Chengmiao, chief dispatcher of Zhangnan Road.

There are thousands and 400 militiamen in Yong 'an County. When the thieves surrender to him, they are willing to be insiders. Xingzu sent a pawn to Longyan Liao Xuanzhe for help and was held hostage by officers and men. The thief was very poor, and he was seduced by Five Blessingg. Deng Xingzu and Xie Daji went out to tell him.

From then on, the Second Chief was bound, and the soldiers took advantage of the situation to break into the earth building, took the second Chief's wife, killed those who refused the enemy, and the remaining thieves fled, and the soldiers burned the building and spun yarn. " [4]?

Zeng Wuyue, an expert in Zhangzhou Tulou research, believes that Fujian Yuantulou originated in the middle and lower reaches of Jiulong River and its surrounding areas, and was the product of Zhangzhou ancestors' anti-Japanese war. Tulou was created by Zhangzhou people in the lower reaches of Jiulong River and its nearby areas in the Ming Dynasty in their bloody struggle against the Japanese aggressors. Its earliest appearance should be in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty.

According to the 1997 edition of Annals of Nanjing County, the ancient earth buildings with a building history of more than 500 years in this county are as follows.

Block 18. The oldest buildings are Yong 'an Building of Shi Qiaocun Xiwei Foreign Society in Shuyang Township, Jiguang Building and Yuchang Building in Banliao Village in Shuyang Township. Yong 'an Building was built in the middle of Yuan Dynasty, while Ji Guang and Yuchang Building were built in the end of Yuan Dynasty (left 1368).

Right), it has been more than 600 years since now. Earth buildings built in Ming and Qing Dynasties account for 52%. There are 27 tulou buildings over 400 years old, 37 tulou buildings over 300 years old and 130 buildings over 200 years old. Tulou architecture

Skills come from neighboring western Fujian. Ancient earth buildings were mostly built by masons and carpenters in Yongding and Shanghang. Since the Qing Dynasty, Hakkas in Nanjing have been quite familiar with the construction of tulou. [5]?

According to Hu Daxin, an expert on earth buildings in Yongding County, Long 'anzhai, a square earth building in Gu 'er Village, suburban township of Yongding County,

Founded in the Northern Song Dynasty, it has a history of 1000 years, and is the oldest earth building. From June 17 to July 6, 2009, the Fujian Provincial Archaeological Team conducted an archaeological trial excavation of the earth building in Long 'anzhai. In the ditch.

There are two overlapping sites and strata in the enclosure, and nearly 100 pieces of ceramic fragments from the Northern Song Dynasty have been unearthed, including pots, bowls, dishes, stoves and other daily necessities. Earth rammed wall in the first stage of stratum accumulation.

Ruins. The sites excavated in the second stage include houses, roads, adobe walls and slope protection. The archaeological excavation results of Tulou site fully prove that at least before the Northern Song Dynasty, Yongding County produced a relatively mature residential building Tulou. [6]?

During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties (11-14th century), due to social unrest, many wars spread to Fujian, and the coastal areas were often invaded by pirates. The functions of these fortresses and stockades with strong military defensive nature are gradually transplanted into residential buildings. There are rammed earth walls around and wooden buildings in the fence bear the same load, and a large number of earth buildings have gradually appeared.

Especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties, after the formation of Hakkas in Ganzhou, Jiangxi and Tingzhou, Fujian, they went to Fujian constantly.

The eastward and southward expansion inevitably conflicts with the Fulao residents who entered Fujian in advance and took root here. Moreover, the second migration of Hakkas after entering Fujian is mostly family-based and moves with their families. In order to have a life.

In order to reserve space and adapt to the new requirements of production, life and national defense, they need one that can not only adapt to the requirements of social living and strong defense, but also adapt to the local special geographical environment, with local materials, convenient construction and economical use.

A feasible building in terms of economic cost and procurement of building materials. Evolved from the form of earthen castles and earthen stockades, practical closed adobe buildings with residential and defensive functions are gradually here.

The region was born and developed. In this way, Fujian Tulou was created in the long-term practice under the historical background of ethnic migration, and has continued to this day, pushing China's tulou architectural skills which have been followed for thousands of years to the peak.

11-13rd century (Song and Yuan Dynasties) was the stage of the emergence and formation of earth buildings in Fujian, with small scale, mostly no stone walls, rough decoration and square and rectangular architectural forms. During this period, the Hakka earth buildings in Yongding were represented by Fuxinlou, Japanese-English, Yuxing, Yuecheng and Yuanchang.

stage of development

From the end of 14 to the beginning of 17 (Ming dynasty), with the economic and cultural development of Fujian, especially

After the mid-Ming Dynasty, bandits frequently occurred in the coastal areas of Fujian and the mountainous areas of southwest Fujian, and Fujian tulou architecture, which integrates defense and residence, was widely used. Gu, a great scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties (17th century), wrote The Records of Diseases in Counties of the World.

Sixteen volumes of castles recorded in Fujian Wanli (1573- 1620) edition of Zhangzhou Prefecture Records and Military Defense Examination: "Zhangzhou Earth Castle is ancient and fashionable. However, there is a tucheng in the inspection office and crowded places. Jiajing

Since the years of Jiajing (i.e. 40 years, 156 1 year), bandits and thieves have mushroomed, and civil organizations have built earth walls and buildings, especially in coastal areas. "It marks that Fujian Tulou has entered a stage of development. [ 1]?

This period is also a period of economic and cultural integration of Hakka, Fulao and local people. According to the statistics in Volume VI of Nanjing County Chronicle (version 1997), there are 2/kloc-0 surnames who moved from Yongding to Nanjing Kaiji, and more than 10 surnames who moved to Kaiji in Pinghe County. [5]?

The distribution of Zhangzhou Tulou and Hakka clans basically coincides, which further illustrates this problem:

Zhaoan Tulou is located in Xiuzhuan, Guanpi, Xiage and Taiping. The first three towns are pure Hakka areas. Taiping is a mixed area of Hakka Fulao, with a population ratio of 6: 4.

The tulou in Nanjing County is located in Meilin Town and Shuyang Town. These two towns are basically inhabited by Hakkas, and Fulao residents account for about 5%.

Tulou, Fulao and Hakka in Pinghe County all live in Tulou. However, the distribution of tulou is mainly in Hakka towns and villages where Fuke and Hakka live together.

There are relatively few earth buildings in Hua 'an, with only 64 at present, and the residents are blessed.

In fact, the residents of Tulou, who speak Minnan dialect in Nanjing now, are just like him from the migration route recorded in their genealogy.

In religion, ancestor worship, funeral and other activities, children still maintain the Hakka style and characteristics. For example, "Lv Xiulian's ancestral home, Lvcuo (Longtan Building) in Shuyang, Nanjing, is now a village where Minnan dialect is widely used. Dancunlu

The surname was moved from Dabeitou, Yongding in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and the old foundation was still Hakka. "[7]?

Mature stage

/kloc-from the middle of 0/7th century to the first half of 20th century (Qing Dynasty, Republic of China), mountainous areas in the west and southwest of Fujian Province.

Silk, tobacco, tea and other processing industries have flourished and sold to the whole country and Southeast Asian countries. With the development of economy and the improvement of understanding of ecological environment, residents' demand for housing is more urgent and higher. On the other hand, due to

With the growth of population, in order to safeguard the common interests of the family, more dozens or hundreds of people live together to adapt to the prosperity of the family and the safety of living, colorful earth buildings such as squares, enclosures and mansions have emerged.

With the increasingly sophisticated architectural forms and diversified functions, villages with earth buildings as the main body have emerged. /kloc-In the late 20th century, the influence of overseas culture was reflected in the construction of some earth buildings, and some earth buildings appeared.

Architectural form and decoration of Chinese and western integration. Fujian tulou reached its peak. [ 1]?

Owns Wushi Building, Kuiju House, Yonglongchang Building, Yulong Building, Fuyu Building, Huanji Building, Cultural Relics Building, Fuzi Building,

A large number of earth buildings represented by Xiang Yan Building, Yude Building, Yexing Building, Zhencheng Building, Zhen Fu Building, Yongkang Building, Qiaofu Building, Shanqing Building and Fusheng Building are outstanding representatives of Yongding Hakka earth buildings in their heyday. These tulou are displayed in

From the 1950s of 17 to several hundred years of the 20th century, not only the scale is unprecedented, the structure is more and more reasonable, the functions are more and more complete, and the decoration is more and more exquisite, but also the architectural styles and types are developing towards diversification.

Historical process, [2]?

It is an outstanding representative of Yongding Hakka earth building in its heyday. [ 1]