Chaoshan village in Chaoshan village-consanguineous settlement

Originally, cohabitation was an essential element of China's ancient patriarchal society. Without a clan, there would be no clan, and there would be no law. However, we found that it was not in the birthplace of the Chinese nation, but in southern provinces such as Fujian and Guangdong, and this mode of living together was pushed to the extreme. As long as we go sightseeing or traveling in the Yellow River valley, we will find that most of the villages there are small villages, generally more than a dozen or hundreds of households, and villages with more than 1000 people are big villages. The reason is that these areas have long been battlegrounds for military strategists, and the people have suffered from war and famine. It is difficult for people to live in the same place and village for a long time. They often flee and move. Therefore, although the village is ancient, it is sparsely populated, and the villagers come from all directions with mixed surnames. Although there are villages with mixed surnames in Chaoshan area, their main body is a surname, or a surname is dominant, accompanied by other surnames. As discussed in the last article, the phenomenon of cohabitation in Chaoshan area is even worse than that in Central Plains area, mainly for the following reasons:

First, after the Ming Dynasty, Chaoshan rural areas were relatively stable;

Second, the immigrants who moved south have a sense of clan identity, and when they arrive at a certain migration place, they are used to being close to the same clan;

The third is to change the surname with a small population into a surname with a large population, hoping to get asylum;

Fourth, the Chaoshan area has a mild climate, fertile land, easy survival and rapid population development.

In this way, one right and one wrong lead to the lifestyle of the vast rural areas in Chaoshan area, especially in the plain area. Many of them are not small villages, but big villages with thousands or even tens of thousands of people, and it is very common for thousands of people to live together with the same surname in this big village. Therefore, in Chaoshan area, when people mention a certain area, they will give some examples as mentioned above: surnames are often added to place names, such as Guan, Sha, Yuepu and Waishaxie in Shantou; Chaozhou people Liu, Liu, Guo and Xue Longxue; Hongyangfang and Guolongzhuang in Puning; Zhou Tianhuang from Huilai; Yin and Batou King in Chenghai; Shangbaozhang and Jinpuzheng in Chaoyang; Rao Ping's height; Yang Qiyang and Jing Sun Gang of Jieyang; There are countless forests in the back and front of Hongjiang River in Jiexi. Interestingly, in a big country with a dominant surname, there is no bullying against the disadvantaged groups living in the village. Not only that, people who live in the village or have one or two families with more than three outdoor surnames are taken care of. For example, the Zhang family in Chenghai Longcheng, with a population of more than 10,000, has lived with one or two Yang family members for a long time. In their ancestral hall, both Zhang's ancestor who entered the tide and Yang's ancestor god are enshrined. According to legend, this means auspiciousness and harmony (according to JASON ZHANG, the Chaoshan homophonic, it is "proof", because there is a saying in Chaoshan dialect called "proof", which means there is a way, a way and success; On the other hand, "no proof" is not good either. So I don't know when and who suggested that anyone who lives in the village of Zhang's family should buy one or two Yang's families to live in and treat them well in order to get a good omen of "kindness". In-depth analysis shows the traditional virtue of China people "not bullying the weak" and the ancient philosophy of seeking harmony.

We say that all surnames in Chaoshan area push the traditional concept of gregarious to the extreme, that is, in Chaoshan area, due to its unique natural environment and unique humanistic environment, on the basis of village gregarious, it has further expanded and developed, forming a clustered residential area, which is really worth reading. We China people went south, crossed the Yellow River, crossed the Yangtze River, entered Jiangxi, Fujian and then Guangdong. Along the way, some scattered, some collective arrived smoothly, and after arriving at the destination, they managed to reunite. The collective arrived happily, dispersed and started their own businesses. Everything seems so orderly. Relative gathering and dispersion is the basic layout of Chaoshan surnames. As long as you have an atlas of Chaoshan surnames at hand, you can find that most of the villages in that area are where Huang surnames live, and this area is where Lin surnames live ... but they are not crowded together, but scattered like chess ... all this is long-term and formed between conscious and unconscious. I am afraid that only the Chinese nation in the world can achieve this spirit and cohesion. This phenomenon can not be said to exist only in Chaoshan area, but because the population density in Chaoshan area is quite high, reaching 884 people per square kilometer in 1987, making it one of the most densely populated areas in China. Therefore, several other villages in the country share the same surname, adding up to several hundred people and one thousand people, and it is extremely rare to have more than ten thousand people. In Chaoshan area, especially in Chaoshan plain area, ten thousand villages did not become news. For example, in Chenghai, a small area, there are 23 natural villages with more than 10,000 people (including 6 villages with 10,000 people), 8 villages with 10,000 people (including 8 villages with 10,000 people) and 60 villages with 10,000 people (including 9 villages with 10,000 people). Due to the overpopulation of a village, it has to be divided into two, three or even more. For example, Guandai Township in Shantou was originally a big township with the surname of Ji. After liberation, it was divided into three towns: Longxiang, Xinjin and Zhu Chi. Xikou Village, Linxi Town, Chaozhou turned out to be a natural village, and the population of all natural villages is surnamed Liu. Due to the large population and large village, it has been divided into 8 administrative villages from Xikou to Xikou with a population of more than 20,000. This is not surprising. What is even more surprising is that Longxiang Street in longhu district, Shantou is almost a "Ji surname town", and the population of Ji surname in the whole town accounts for more than 80%. Therefore, Shantou longhu district is the largest gathering place of Jishi in Chaoshan. Historically, there were 2 1 ancestral halls with the surname Ji in the whole region, accounting for nearly two-thirds of the ancestral halls with the surname Ji in Chaoshan, excluding the reconstruction of Fuzitang into a new ancestral hall in recent years. Jinpu Street in Chaoyang District, Shantou is simply a "Zheng Town", in which there are five administrative districts, 1 10,000 people, multiple administrative districts or neighborhood committees (actually natural villages), and the surname of Zheng ranges from 67,000 to 35,000 people. There are three natural villages in Sharon Town, with more than 5000 people 10. No wonder the Zheng family in Chaoyang replaced Lin and ranked second in Chaoyang. This situation is everywhere. There is a Xin 'an town in Chenghai. 1985 At the time of the census, the total population of the town was more than 60,000, but the surname of Chen was nearly 50,000! The reason is that among 2 1 natural villages in the town, there are 13 natural villages where people named Chen live together, commonly known as "Jinsha 13 township Chen", and many people named Chen live together with others in other villages. In the Sanrao area of Raoping, there are more than 30 villages inhabited by yellow people, which are scattered between mountains and mountains, forming a region inhabited by yellow people. Although the number of villages varies, the total area of this group residential area is the first in Chaoshan area, and its total number exceeds 6.5438+10,000. Known as "Banlin County" in Jieyang, it can be seen that Jieyang Lin has a large population. According to the statistics of 1984, there are nearly160,000 people, accounting for 12% of the county's total population. In Jieyang, a "lying carp-shaped" area, there are not only many villages inhabited by Lin surnames, but also dozens of villages that have created villages. There are more than 10,000 people living in the old Jieyang County, including Zheng in the 18th Township of Zoutang in Didu Town, Xie near the 18th Township of Taoshan in Paotai Town, Wu in Qingxi in the new village of Nanchao, Cai in Puzai in Shipaipo, Yang and Delin in the village, Wu in the 18th Township of Longsha in Quxi, Xie in the old pottery of Yunlu and so on.

I wonder if this cultural phenomenon can be called "unique" in the whole country? At least it is extremely rare. There are dozens of villages, dozens of villages, tens of thousands of people and hundreds of thousands of people living in a certain area in groups. The reasons for its formation are son preference, economy, and high population density in Chaoshan area. It should be admitted that this phenomenon of one village and one surname living in groups, born and raised in Sri Lanka for generations, singing in Sri Lanka and crying in Sri Lanka is a double-edged sword, which has both advantages and disadvantages, and will be analyzed later. In Chaoshan village, some small and medium-sized villages with less than 10,000 people are more famous than some large settlements with 10,000 people but lacking bright spots. These small villages are very famous, and basically have the following characteristics like some super towns and villages:

First, the birthplace of some intangible cultural heritage or the development of this cultural heritage! Such as Xianliao village in Puning, because of its outstanding singing and dancing; Another example is Chenghai Feng Jiao Village and Jieyang Longsha Ancient Village, which founded the Chaozhou Opera "Zhongzhengshun" Troupe, which are also characterized by their unique folk customs, such as "Saida Pig" in Chenghai Guanshan Village, the unique and grand Yuanxiao Night Tour God in Puning Shiqiaotou (namely "Master Ying") and "Cockfighting" in Chenghai Tucheng on the 19th day of the first month.

Second, it was once brilliant in the past, with relics preserved, such as Chaoyang Gang in Chaozhou, Qianmei Village in Chenghai, Longhuzhai in Chaozhou, Deanli in Hongyang, Qiankeng Village in Jiexi, Xiangpu Village in Chaozhou and Yunlou in Raoping Road. ;

Thirdly, some famous historical events happened here, so when the story appeared in the major media, the village names were also brought in, such as Xiangxingnian (1278), the southern slope city of Puning, and a "Southern New Town" called "Cheng Nan" was built here when Song Di-min was defeated and fled south. Later, it was renamed "Nanpo City" because of the "sinking" of the Song Emperor's couch (of course, the fame of this place is also closely related to the emergence of many celebrities: starting from here, such as Mai Kong, the former secretary general of the Ministry of Radio, Film and Television, and Kong Quan, the former assistant foreign minister, and another example is Zheng Chenggong's massacre of Outing Village in Chenghai in the early Qing Dynasty. Longhu "Niu Tianyang" is famous for its vicious and ruthless viola typhoon 1969.

Fourth, outstanding people and talented people come forth in large numbers, such as Mazhagong Village in Puning (also known as Mazhagong Village), whose celebrities are Huang, the founder of the first news magazine in China; Huang Ziming, the king of the world and the richest man in Thailand; Chinese businessman Luo Zhiqing; The first president of Chaozhou Club in France, currently honorary president of Chaozhou Club in France, honorary president of Chaoren Overseas Friendship Association, consultant of China Jinan University Overseas Friendship Association, Chinese billionaire Huang Qingtian, etc. Another example is Shantou, where celebrities such as anti-British hero Xu Xiangguang, founder of the Revolution of 1911 Xu Chongzhi, academic and political celebrity Xu Mengbang, revolutionary pioneer Xu Zhuo, farmer leader Xu Huairen, Lu Xun's wife Xu Guangping, famous educator and former president of Sun Yat-sen University emerged in modern times.

5. Unique and charming scenery, such as the ice mortar landscape of Qinglan Village in Raoping, Wan Shanhong in Raoping (Green Island Tourism Villa), Shen 'ao Fishing Village in South Australia (Haishan Fishing Village) and Vinegar Pit Village in Jingxi Garden in Shenxi Township of Xiancheng. ...

Sixth, the strategic position, the first thing to push is Nan 'ao Island, which is known as the "Chaoshan barrier, the throat of Fujian and Guangdong". Ao Yun, Shensuo, Long 'ao and Qingao, the "Big Four" in Fujian and Guangdong, have their own development and strategic characteristics. In addition, it is also the command center of Chaoyang Shijing and Chaopu Club guarding Rongjiang main road.

7. The economy is prosperous and stable, the society develops harmoniously, and the people live a well-off life, such as Xiashan Village in Chaonan, Caowei Village in Chendian, Shangbao Village in Gurao, Chen Zhan Village in Zhanlong, Qigang Village in Hongyang, Nigou Village in Liaoyuan, Shijia Village in Du Jing, etc. In addition, although the economy in Xinfeng Kuikeng Township in Raoping is average, the society is stable and harmonious, and the village's infrastructure, including education, medical care and old-age care, comes from. People live and work in peace and contentment, mutual benefit and self-improvement! This is very valuable!

Eight, native products, from nature, such as Chaozhou Houlonghong sweet potato, Chaozhou Fenghuang Dan Cong, Puning Meilin plum, Jiexi Hufeng olive, Jieyang Zoutang pear, Chaozhou Zhang Lin Ling Lin, Chaoyang inner branch Wusu Yangmei and other "fine products" from Chaoshan people, such as Chaoshan specialty's dried bean curd in Puning Guangnan Village and Chaozhou Anbu Liwen. According to the geographical environment, production and living conditions, the ancestors chose the site to create villages and settled down. Form a settlement and name the village. These village names are historical fossils, which contain rich natural and cultural information and the history of rise and fall, including many vivid and interesting stories. Please click on the hyperlink: Interesting Talk in Chaoshan Village.

The following mainly summarizes the causes of place names in Chaoshan area (of course, there are other reasons)

(A) abandon vulgarity and follow elegant place names

The so-called "abandon vulgarity and follow elegance", such place names can be seen everywhere, such as "Xia Wei" village in Chao 'an County, which says "gorgeous". The word "gorgeous" is typical in Chaoshan. Almost all spoken place names are called "Xiax" or "Xxia", and many places in Chaoshan are written as "Hua×" or "X Hua". Besides being gorgeous, the tail is also written as beauty, Xiabu Village in Chenghai is written as Huafu Village, the lower corner is written as Hua Jiao, Xiabu is written as Chinatown, Puwei is written as Pumei, and David is written as Meidai.

There is a "Ling Ting" in the southwest of Chengcheng, formerly known as "Ding Ling". There is "Shanjia" village or "Shankeng" in the east of the city, but it is written as "Xianju Village".

There is a kind of "flying fish in summer" in South Australia, formerly known as "Xia Weiyu", which is named after the island looks like a shrimp tail. Later, homophonic was used as "Fei Xia". Morning glow and sunset glow, how elegant flying is!

(2) Names and events

Place names named after people or events, here refers to those places that have reliable materials to prove that they are related to some people and historical events, which are obviously different from the third historical legend place names to be discussed below.

Nanhui Village, Lianshang Town, Chenghai, now belongs to Lianshang Town, with original villages of Beili and Zhu Bei. /kloc-merged in 0/943, and the "south" of Nanshan Gong, the ancestor of the northern Li Dynasty, and the "emblem" of Huizhou Duke, the ancestor of the northern Zhu Dynasty, were the "south emblem". Most of the villagers in Jianyang village are surnamed Chen, who used to be called "Chen CuO". 1938, it was renamed "Jianyang" after its ancestor Jianyang Gong. There are "Hongshan Sixteen Villages" in Long 'ao Township, South Australia. In the early days of liberation, Dongshan Brigade built a farm in Hongshanzai and organized 16 young women to camp here, which was called "Sixteen Girls of Hongshan", hereinafter referred to as "Sixteen Girls of Hongshan".

(3) Historical and legendary place names

Historical legend place names refer to those places related to historical legends but not proved by historical records. The naming sources of these place names are not necessarily reliable, but generally there are local chronicles or legends passed down from mouth to mouth, so let's take it as a class.

There is a "Huaize Village" in Xia Lian Town of Chenghai. According to legend, Wang Xing lived in the Song Dynasty, formerly known as "Wang Shang". Everyone in the village has a "king? Legend has it that the hand was planted in the imperial court, and its descendants were nobles. Therefore, the meaning of "Huaiting Chengze" was adopted, and "Wang Shang" was changed to "Huaize" in 1938.

(4) Name of local product

The so-called native place names are famous for local products (such as minerals, animals and plants).

There is a tea garden village in Leiling Town, Chaonan District, Shantou City, which was built in the first year of Ming Taichang (1620) and is surrounded by oil tea trees, so it is called "tea garden village".

(five) the name of the landmark building

The so-called landmark buildings are well-known local buildings, and many place names are produced from these buildings. The most typical one is the "Mayu" in Shantou, which is named after the "Ma Palace" (that is, the Tianhou Niangniang Temple) on the island. In addition, such as:

Another example is Shiqiaotou, Puning City, which was renamed Shiqiaotou because there was a stone bridge at the eastern end of the village in the late Ming Dynasty.