On Dong Teng Worship

Dong nationality is a minority in China and one of the Baiyue branches in the pre-Qin period. The residential area is mainly at the junction of Guizhou, Hunan and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and some Dong people live in Enshi, Hubei. The total population of Dong people is about 2.96 million (2000). In the sixth census of 20 10, the Dong population was 2.87 million. Below I have compiled the relevant knowledge of Dong totem worship for everyone, hoping to be useful to everyone.

Totem worship of Dong nationality

Dragon is an animal god imagined by the ancients, and one of its prototypes is snake. Dragon is a totem worshipped by all ethnic groups in China.

After the Dong people were Guyue people, the dragon snake was their totem in Guyue people. The Dong people inherited the totem worship of the dragon and snake, and later evolved into the dragon god. The image of the dragon is very common in Dong areas. There are many embroidery patterns of "Flying Dragons Over Clouds" on the flags of Dong villages and "Kuan" organizations.

Dong nationality is a nationality developed from Baiyue nationality in ancient times. The ancient song "Ancestors Entering the Village" says "We are descendants of the King of Yue".

Tattoos were popular in ancient Yue people. "In ancient times, the Yue people were famous for their tattoos like dragons, and their spiritual life was also dominated by the belief in dragons and snakes." This is because the ancestors of ancient Yue lived an unimaginable life of fishing and hunting. They found that snakes, insects and wild animals threatened their survival and development all the time. In their long-term production, an accidental opportunity enabled them to "avoid the harm of dragons and snakes", which made them realize the necessity of tattoos, and finally thought of looking for "sex" tattoos that originated from production skills and later developed into social consciousness.

After the group with the image of snake developed into a powerful snake clan, it gradually combined with clans such as crocodiles, fish, turtles and even sheep and eagles to form a tribal alliance, which became the national emblem of "dragon", resulting in the dragon totem of Dong people has been maintained to this day.

Dong nationality history

The historical origin of the Dong nationality developed from a branch of ancient Baiyue. The place where Dong people live now belongs to Chu Shang (Yue) in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, to Qianzhong County and Guilin County in the Qin Dynasty, and to Wuling County and Yulin County in the Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to Sui Dynasty were called "Land of Five Flows", and Tang and Song Dynasties were called "Cave of Flows". Since ancient times, this place has been an active area for ethnic minorities from generation to generation. According to the documents of past dynasties, from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were "Yue people", "Guizhou people" and "Wu Lingren" living here. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ethnic minorities here were called "Wu Xi Man" or "Man Liao", and in the Tang and Song Dynasties they were also called "Xi Xi Zhou Man".

This nation was called "Liao" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, people today were further divided into many ethnic minorities, including the Dong people. Zhu, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said in "Three Miao": "When I was in Hunan, I saw four kinds of caves: Liao, Kun and Ling, and Miao was the fastest." The "Ling" here is the "Ling" and "Lan" mentioned in the History of Song Dynasty and Lu You's works. By the Ming Dynasty, although the Dong people had separated from the present people, some people still called the Dong people "the present people". For example, "Dong Yelei" was written by Kuang Lu in the late Ming Dynasty. In the book "Diseases of the World's Countries" written by Gu in Qing Dynasty, he said: "People who live in caves, people who live in caves, were called mountains and mountains in ancient times. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, they have been exploring and immersing extensively. " Therefore, several titles of Dong, Liao and Yue are connected in series.

In the early Qing Dynasty, "returning farmland to streams" was implemented. The Dong people were directly ruled by the Qing Dynasty, and the land was increasingly concentrated, entering the stage of feudal landlord economic development. However, the remnants of some clan organizations in Dong society, such as "River width" with the nature of tribal alliance linked by region, still exist widely. Each clan or village is presided over by "elders" or "village elders" and maintains social order with customary law. "Combination payment" is divided into sizes. "Small width" consists of several adjacent villages; "Big money" is a combination of several "small money". "Xiaofeng" was recommended by the village, and "gale" was agreed by Xiaofeng. * * * The agreed "agreement" must be observed, and the people's congress is the highest authority, and all adult men must participate to discuss the matters in the agreement. This organization has been preserved until the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Dong people's religious beliefs

Believing in polytheism and worshiping natural objects, ancient trees, boulders, wells and bridges are all objects of worship. With the female god "Sa Sui" (meaning the mother who founded the village) as the supreme god, every village has established a "Sa Sui Temple". Use chicken, grass, egg, snail, rice and rice to determine good or bad luck. Some places are influenced by the Han nationality and believe in some gods of the Han nationality. Believe in the immortality of the soul. Buddhism has also spread, and there are temples in Antang, but not many people believe it. _ _ _ _ _, Catholicism has also been introduced, but there are not many believers.

Dong culture and art

Dong people's culture and art are rich and colorful, and they have the reputation of "hometown of poetry and ocean of songs". Dong people's poems are rigorous in rhythm, wide in subject matter, healthy and clear in artistic conception and vivid in metaphor. Among them, lyric poetry is delicate, sincere and enthusiastic. ; Narrative poems are euphemistic and tortuous, with profound implications, and are extremely precious cultural heritage of Dong folk literature. Poetry lyrics are mostly based on human origin, national migration and customary law, which has historical value. The most popular ones are Zhulang Niang, recklessness, Saburo dancing beautifully and Song of Cicada. There are many beautiful music tunes. The chorus of a "big song" has a loud voice, great momentum and free rhythm. Pipa songs, named after the accompaniment of pipa or Geyiqin (called ki2 12 in Dong language, commonly known as Niutuiqin), have a cheerful and smooth tune and are unique to Dong people. Folk stories and legends have a wide range of themes, various forms, strange twists and turns, fascinating and romantic expressions, which reflect the rich imagination and good wishes of the Dong people to pursue light and overcome evil. Dong Opera developed from the initial narrative rap, which began in the early 9th century/KLOC-0. According to legend, it was created by Wu Wencai (about 1798 ~ 1845), a Dong nationality in Liping. The catwalk is simple, the movements are simple and the tunes are changeable. When singing, it is accompanied by "Geyiqin", gongs and drums are loud, wearing Dong costumes, not painting faces, and full of national colors. Dong folk dances include "Duoye", Lusheng, dragon dance and lion dance. "Duoye" is a kind of mass collective song and dance, where men and women form a circle hand in hand and sing while walking. Lusheng dance is a group dance in which dancers play Lusheng while dancing. In addition to the above musical instruments, there are Dong flute, suona and so on. Dong people's big songs, leading singers and chorus, have many voices and are magnificent and free and easy. Pipa music accompanied by pipa or "Song-Qin" with cheerful and smooth tune is also unique to Dong people. Dong Opera, which began in the early19th century, developed from the original narrative rap, with simple steps, simple movements, diverse tunes, Dong costumes, no facial makeup and strong national color. Handmade arts and crafts include flower picking, embroidery, painting, carving, paper cutting, paper carving, rattan weaving and bamboo weaving. Embroidery is a skill that Dong women are good at. They embroidered various patterns, figures, animals, flowers and insects on their costumes, with vivid images and rich and harmonious colors. Silver ornaments include collars, necklaces, bracelets, earrings, rings, silver hair clips and silver flowers. Textiles include Dong Brocade, Dong Pa and Dong Cloth. First dyed with indigo, and then painted with protein's "egg cloth", which is bright in color and is the inherent material of Dong people.

Drum Tower and Yufeng Bridge are typical representatives of Dong architecture. Dong people are good at stone and wood architecture. Drum Tower and Yufeng Bridge are the crystallization of their architectural art. Drum Tower is a wooden structure, connected by tenons without nails. There are three, five or even fifteen floors, and water is poured on four sides or six sides and eight sides, and the height is 4 ~ 5 feet. Climbing over the eaves, like a pagoda, it is a symbol of a family or a village, and also a place for people to gather. Yufeng Bridge is a wooden bridge with stone piers, long corridor and bridge pavilion, which is magnificent. Chengyang Bridge in Sanjiang County is the most famous and has been listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

Dong embroidery

The first China Intangible Cultural Heritage Expo jointly sponsored by China Ministry of Culture and Shandong Provincial Government was held in Jinan Shungeng International Convention and Exhibition Center, Shandong Province. Two autonomous region-level intangible cultural heritage projects, Dong Embroidery and Dong Brocade in Sanjiang County, participated in the Expo and won the "Excellent Organization Award", while Shi and Shi Hanqun in Sanjiang County won the "Inheritor Display Award".

Dong embroidery has become one of the famous embroideries in China with its unique production technology, patterns with national characteristics, rich and profound cultural connotations, bright and harmonious colors, elegant and dignified quality and distinctive national style. At the Expo, the production skills and exquisite embroidery techniques of Dong brocade and Dong embroidery attracted thousands of tourists to the Guangxi exhibition area.

There are many Dong embroidery artworks here, including headscarves, baby suspenders, women's chest bags, the cloth flower shoes, insoles, tobacco bags and satchels.