What are the techniques and methods of oil painting?

The limitations of oil painting tools and materials lead to the complexity of oil painting techniques. For centuries, artists have created a variety of oil painting techniques in practice, so that oil painting materials can give full play to the performance effect. The main techniques of oil painting are: ① transparent superposition method, that is, multi-level depiction with pigments diluted with colored oil without adding white. It is necessary to brush the next layer after each layer is dry. Because the color of each layer is relatively thin, it can vaguely reveal the color of the lower layer and form a subtle tone with the color of the upper layer. For example, painting a stable blue color on a deep red layer will produce a rich effect of purple in the blue, that is, heating up in the cold, which is often a tone that cannot be transferred on the palette. This painting method is suitable for expressing the texture and heavy feeling of objects, especially for vividly depicting the delicate color changes of human skin, making people feel that blood flows under the skin epidermis. Its shortcomings are narrow color gamut, meticulous production process and long time to complete the work, which is not easy to express the artist's current artistic creation feelings. (2) Opaque superposition method, also called multi-layer coloring method. When painting, first draw a large figure with a single color, and then shape it with multiple colors. Dark parts are often painted thin, while middle tones and bright parts are painted thick layer by layer, or covered or left, forming color block contrast. Because of the different thickness, it shows the rich charm and texture of color. There is no strict difference between transparent and opaque paintings, and painters often use them comprehensively in one painting. When expressing objects in darkness or shadows, transparent masking color method can produce a stable and profound sense of volume and space; The rule of opaque color superposition is easy to shape the body outside the dark part and increase the saturation of the picture color. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, most painters used these two painting methods, which usually took a long time to make their works. Some have painted a layer and left it for a long time, and then painted it when the isochromatic layer is completely dry. ③ Opaque primary color method, also known as direct coloring method. That is to say, after the outline of the object is made on the canvas, the color laying is basically completed at one time by virtue of the color feeling of the object or the idea of the color of the picture, and the incorrect part is scraped off with a painting knife before the color adjustment is continued. In this painting method, each dip has thick pigment, high color saturation and clear brush strokes, which is easy to show vivid feelings when painting. /kloc-Many painters have adopted this painting method since the mid-9th century. In order to achieve the effect of full-color layer after one-time coloring, we must pay attention to the use of brushstrokes, that is, painting. Commonly used painting methods are divided into flat painting, loose painting and thick painting. Flat painting is to draw a large area of color with one-way strength and even strokes, which is suitable for shaping a static body in a stable and calm composition; Casual painting means that the brush strokes are loose and flexible according to the natural turning trend of the painted object; Thick coatings are all or part of the thick piles of pigments, some of which form color layers or blocks up to several millimeters, which make the pigments present interesting textures and enhance their image. As an artistic language, oil painting contains many modeling factors such as color, light and shade, lines, texture, brushwork, texture, light, space, composition and so on. The function of oil painting technique is to reflect all modeling factors comprehensively or individually. The expression of oil painting materials fully provides the possibility of applying oil painting techniques on a two-dimensional basis. The production process of oil painting is a creative process in which artists consciously and skillfully master oil painting materials, choose and apply techniques that can express artistic ideas and form artistic images. Oil painting not only expresses the ideological content endowed by the artist, but also shows the unique language of oil painting. The development of oil painting has gone through several periods: classical, modern and modern. Oil paintings in different periods are dominated by the artistic concepts and techniques of the times, showing different faces. [Edit this paragraph] Painting skills and methods frustration is a method of coloring with the roots of oil painting pens. After pressing the pen, it is slightly frustrated and then mentioned, such as calligraphy, which is solid and solid. The colors of the nib and the root of the pen are different, and the light and heavy direction of the pen holder is different, which can produce many changes and interests. Pat with a wide oil painting pen or fan pen, and then pat gently on the screen. Flapping can produce a certain undulating texture, which is neither very obvious nor very simple. You can also process the original strong strokes or colors to weaken them. Rubbing refers to the method of directly manipulating two or more different colors on the screen with a pen. After color processing, it produces natural mixed changes, obtains subtle and bright colors and contrast between light and shade, and can play a transitional role. Lines refer to lines drawn by pen drawing. Oil painting lines are generally marked with soft and sharp clues, but in different styles, round heads, proofreaders and old flat pens can also draw thick lines similar to strong books. At first, both eastern and western paintings were modeled on lines. In early oil paintings, drafts were generally drawn with precise and rigorous line outlines. In Tan Pelina technique, the method of arranging wires is the main means to form light and shade. It was only later that western oil paintings evolved into light and shade and heads, but even so, the midline factor in oil paintings was influenced by indelible colors. Slim and bold. The use of neat or random lines and repeated overlapping and overlapping lines enriches the language of oil painting, and it is very important to deal with different shapes of sideline. The use of lines in oriental painting has also influenced the styles of many modern western masters, such as Matisse, Van Gogh, Picasso, Miro and Klee. Color scanning is often used to connect two adjacent color blocks to make them less rigid. This can be done by gently sweeping with a clean fan pen when the color is not dry. You can also use a pen to sweep another color on the background color to produce a color effect that is staggered up and down, loose and not greasy. Stamping refers to the vertical stamping on the screen with a pen head after dipping the pigment with a hard bristle brush. Stamping is not commonly used, and it is generally only used when special textures are needed locally. Latex material Latex material is an excellent traditional material with a long history and has been developed in modern times. Emulsion materials are mixed materials containing water-based and oil-based components, both of which have their own advantages. Egg color, cream color, wax and other Tampere painting materials belong to emulsion series. Emulsion materials can be diluted with water, and the drying speed is fast, similar to water-based materials; It can be opaque, sticky, insoluble in water after drying, and has the advantages of oily substances. Various modern synthetic pigments of propylene and ethylene not only retain the characteristics of traditional emulsion materials, but also have the advantages of oily materials, which have irreplaceable functions of other materials and are new materials with great development prospects. Oily materials The main painting type with oily materials and natural resin as painting media is oil painting, which evolved from traditional latex materials such as egg color and brewing protein. Oily materials are characterized by slow drying, luster and repeated coating. Oily materials have strong expressive force and rich technical effects, which can be said to contain almost all the technical characteristics of other materials and paintings. The characteristics of oily materials allow the modeling of objects to be described in depth and in detail, and can show the rich and vivid color relationship of objects, thus satisfying people's desire to reproduce visual reality since14th century and promoting the development of western painting to realism. Since its birth, oil painting has occupied a major position in western painting circles and developed all over the world, which also proves the superiority of oily materials. The transformation from water-based materials to oily materials is a long process, which has gone through thousands of years. It is a major breakthrough in painting materials and techniques and even in the history of art. The use of oil and resin is one of the important features that distinguish western painting materials and techniques from eastern painting materials and techniques. Pull means that in oil painting, it is sometimes necessary to draw strong lines and sharp edges of objects, such as the side of a sword or glass. At this time, you can adjust the color with a painting knife and then draw the color on the screen with the side of the blade, so that the shape drawn by the painting knife is three-dimensional and definite, which is difficult to achieve with a brush or other methods. Wipe is to put the brush sideways and wipe it on the screen with the belly of the brush. Usually it is carried out in a large area with less color, which can form less obvious brush strokes and is also a common method of laying background color. On the dry background or undulating texture, you can draw an effect similar to traditional Chinese painting, making the underlying texture more obvious. Pressing is to gently press and lift the wet color layer with the bottom of a knife, which will produce a special texture on the color surface. In some places where special textures need to be portrayed, the expected effect can be achieved by using suppression technology. Water-based materials The earliest pigments used by human beings are mainly water-soluble materials. In early paintings, it is very natural to use natural substances such as water, gum or animal glue as diluents and binders for pigments. They are easy to obtain and easy to use, which is consistent in the early paintings of the East and the West. Nowadays, watercolor and gouache pigments are all water-based media, and their expression techniques are free and smooth, which can produce a light and transparent effect. It is also the main material type of oriental painting such as Chinese painting and Japanese painting. Oil painting materials can be divided into three categories: base materials, oil painting pigments and media materials. The base material refers to the backing material and the undercoat layer bearing the painting pigment layer. Oil painting pigment is the main material that directly expresses the color and texture effect of painting. Binders are all kinds of diluents, adhesives and polishing agents used to adjust the properties of pigments and combine with base materials. The method of bricklaying is to use a knife instead of a brush, and spread the color on the canvas like a mason using a mud knife to circle mud, leaving a knife mark directly. The masonry method can have different thickness levels, and the size, shape and direction of the knife will also produce rich contrast. Draw different colors with a painting knife, and let them mix naturally on the screen without too much mixing, which can produce subtle color relations. The color layer with excessive fluctuation can also be leveled by masonry. If the masonry method is used properly, there will be a strong sense of shaping. Depiction refers to the use of the blade of a painting knife to draw negative lines and shapes on wet colors, sometimes showing potential colors. Different painting knives can produce different depth and thickness changes, as well as the texture changes of the ups and downs of points, lines and surfaces formed by brush strokes and sharp painting knife techniques. The point-by-point method starts from the point, and all brushwork starts from the point. As early as in the classic Tempella technique, stippling is an important technique to express levels. In Vermeer's works, the strokes of dots are also used to express the flicker of light and the texture of objects. Impressionist stippling has become one of its basic characteristics, but Monet, Renoir and pissarro have different changes and personalities. Neo-impressionism, on the other hand, went to extremes, mechanically using dots as his only brush strokes. In modern realistic oil painting, the density of points is also used to produce light and shade levels, which can cause a definite but not rigid transition. In the comprehensive painting method, the combination of point method with line and surface can produce rich contrast, and oil painting pens with different shapes and textures can produce different point strokes, which can play a unique role in expressing the texture of some objects. Scraping is the basic purpose of oil painting knife. Scraping is generally used to scrape off the unsatisfactory parts of the picture with a blade, or to scrape off unnecessary details or weaken the strong relationship with a knife, so as to ease the tense picture relationship. After a long day's homework, it is often necessary to scrape off some painted colors with a knife in order to dry them in time and continue painting the next day. When the color is dry, you can also use a painting knife or razor to scrape off the uneven places. You can also scrape off the wet color layer with a knife to expose the background color and show various textures. If stippling and sketching are the means to form the points and lines of oil painting, then painting is the main method to form the surface of oil painting. The methods of painting include flat painting, thick painting and Bo Tu, and impressionist pointillism is also called casual painting. Flat painting is the main method to draw a large area of color blocks, and even flat painting is a common technique for decorative oil painting. Thick coating is one of the main characteristics that distinguishes oil painting from other kinds of pens. It can make the pigment have a certain thickness and leave obvious brushstrokes to form a texture. Scraping off extremely thick pigment with a painting knife or squeezing the pigment directly onto the canvas can be called heap coating. Thin Xu diluted with oil and painted thinly on the screen can produce transparent or translucent effect. The pen used for sketching is flexible and vivid. The coating method of wiping and sweeping is also called halo coating. Putting the pigment directly on the canvas without making any more changes is called posing, which is also one of the basic strokes of oil painting. The pendulum method is often used at the beginning and end of oil painting, and the relationship between color and modeling is found with certain colors and accurate strokes. It often takes only a few strokes to change the picture at key points. Of course, do it in your chest first, and then write. Wipe is to put the brush sideways and wipe it on the screen with the belly of the brush. Usually it is carried out in a large area with less color, which can form less obvious brush strokes and is also a common method of laying background color. On the dry background or undulating texture, you can draw an effect similar to traditional Chinese painting, making the underlying texture more obvious.

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