Introduction to Nursing

Contents 1 Pinyin 2 Overview 1 Pinyin

hù lǐ xué

2 Overview

Nursing is an important part of medical and health sciences, which is a comprehensive and applied science developed under the guidance of the theories and practices of natural and social sciences. Its mission is to study the maintenance of human physical and mental health, prevention of disease, in all stages of life, old age, sickness and death, with medical treatment, nursing, guidance for rehabilitation, comfort dying patients.

Nursing belongs to the category of life sciences, its scientific, technical, social and service is very strong. Because human beings have biological, psychological, and social characteristics of nature, nursing for human health services is shifting from disease prevention and treatment to the overall human center to study the natural, social, cultural, educational, psychological and other factors on human health and disease, and constantly improve the theoretical and technical level of nursing.

The scope of nursing work is very wide. In the hospital, the patient from the outpatient, hospitalization to the full healing discharge, are inseparable from the nursing; outside the hospital, from the family, lot to kindergarten, nursery, schools, factories, institutions, organizations, also need nursing work. Nursing workers should be familiar with the general basic nursing and internal, external, pediatric, maternity, emergency and other specialized nursing principles and techniques, and also has the responsibility for the patient's different age, gender, cultural level, psychological state, living habits, economic conditions, as well as the course of the disease, the prognosis of the patient and his or her family members for the restoration of health, preventive health care, and family nursing method of guidance. In units and health-care stations with family beds, lot health nurses are required to give instructions and operational demonstrations of home nursing. Therefore, a qualified nurse must undergo a rigorous professional education, with a more comprehensive nursing knowledge, superb nursing skills and excellent nursing quality, and have the organization and management, nursing education and nursing research knowledge and ability.

In the primitive society group living cave period, human beings in order to survive, in the practice of fighting with natural disasters and diseases, there are old and young, care for the sick and disabled, to assist in childbirth and other activities. Especially in matrilineal society, women have the responsibility to protect the health of the family. In ancient cultural life, people were already able to use ***, bandages, hot compresses, cold water cooling and other methods to cure diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, it is often said that "three parts of treatment, seven parts of maintenance", which is a generalization of the importance of care. The earliest surviving classical medical text, the Nei Jing, already recognized the important role of dietary regulation and nursing care. During the Warring States period, Bian Magpie (407-310 B.C.) opposed the superstitious belief in witchcraft and divination and emphasized the observation of illnesses, freeing medicine from witchcraft. Hua Tuo (141-203) created the "Five-Animal Play" to treat diseases, which can be said to be the originator of sports therapy. Sun Simiao (581-682) of the Tang Dynasty not only had high medical ethics, but also personally took in patients at home for careful medical care. He used a fine onion leaf to insert the tip into the patient's urethra to drain urine, the earliest catheterization. In the rich medical texts, there are many famous doctors treatment care experience records.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the introduction of Western medicine, China's modern nursing career gradually emerged. Since 1820, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Canada and other countries missionaries have come to China to open hospitals, training of nursing personnel, to 1936, the country **** have nursing school 174. 1932 Nanjing **** founded the first National Central Nursing School. 1934 set up a special committee on nursing education, the nursing school into a senior nurses vocational school, a unified system of three years, and nurse Midwifery school as a four-year system. In addition to working in hospitals, nurses also took part in preventing plague, inoculating cowpox, rescuing disaster victims and field ambulance work. In order to cultivate nursing teachers and managers, Peking Union Medical College had cooperated with five private universities, including Yanjing University, Jinling Women's College of Arts and Sciences, Soochow University, Lingnan University, and Qilu University, to provide five-year higher nursing education from 1920 to 1950, and organized refresher courses for nursing teachers, public **** health nurses, and so on.

During the period of the Democratic Revolution, Ms. Qiu Jin translated the Japanese "Tutorial on Nursing", which was serialized in the Chinese Women's Newspaper founded in 1907. During the Second Domestic Revolutionary War, the Jiangxi Revolutionary Base trained many nurses with revolutionary consciousness and war wound rescue techniques. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Yan'an Branch of the Chinese Nurses' Association was established in Yan'an, and comrade *** in 1941 and 1942, at the Nurses' Day Celebration Conference, he wrote the following inscriptions for the nurses: "Nurses' work is of great political importance" and "Respect nurses, love nurses". In the liberation war, many excellent nursing staffs were recognized. In the war of liberation, many excellent nurses bled and sacrificed their lives to save the wounded. Li Landing, Jiang Nanping, Zhao Yingxi, Li Guiying, etc. are known as China's liberated areas of Nightingale.

Since 1949, China's nursing career has flourished with the birth of the new China. At present, there are more than 560,000 nurses nationwide, 17 times the number at the beginning of the liberation period. 1950, the first National Health Conference listed nurse education as one of the secondary medical and health professions. 1978-1980, the Ministry of Health has issued the "Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Work" and "Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Education Work". Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Education" and "Opinions on Strengthening Nursing Education" were issued by the Ministry of Health between 1978 and 1980, pointing out the direction of strengthening the leadership of nursing work and improving the quality of nursing work. Since then, many hospitals to restore or establish the nursing department, set up a nursing director or vice president of nursing; many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of nurses after the examination, assessment, were promoted to nurse, nurse practitioner in charge, deputy nurse practitioner and director of the nurse practitioner, to obtain senior technical titles.

The Chinese Nurses Association was founded in 1909 and renamed the Chinese Nursing Association in 1964, which is a mass academic organization of Chinese nurses. Its main task is to carry out academic exchanges and nursing education activities, and research on professional issues. The Society published the Chinese Nurses Quarterly in 1920 and joined the International Council of Nurses in 1922 as the 10th member. Zhong Maofang, Wu Zheying, Shi Xion, Pan Jingzhi, Nie Yuchan, etc. were successively appointed as the chairman of the Chinese Nurses' Association and participated in the activities of the International Nurses' Association, and Deng Yingchao was appointed as the honorary chairman of the Association from 1950 to the present, while Li Dequan and Fu Lianzhang were also appointed to the same position. 1954 saw the establishment of the Nursing Journal (renamed as the Chinese Journal of Nursing in 1981), which opened up a ground for discussing the academic theories and exchanging the technological experiences of nursing. The Journal of Nursing was founded in 1954.

The development of nursing in foreign countries has also experienced a tortuous path. Before the seventeenth century, Western medicine and religion have a close connection, medical activities are mostly for the Church to master, some monasteries in Europe to receive from all over the pilgrimage of believers to stay, in case of patients by the priests or monks to treat the nuns as a simple care, but did not receive specialized training. During the 200-year-long Crusades (1090-1290), Christians in Europe organized various ambulance corps of different denominations, with most of the men serving as field ambulance workers. 1633 Frenchman St. Vincent de Paul opened the "Sisters of Charity" in Paris, gathering women to learn nursing knowledge and assigning them to hospitals and maternal and child care centers. In 1863, Mr. and Mrs. Theodor Fliedner, a German couple, set up a training school for women nurses in a hospital to teach ethics and nursing knowledge, which is regarded as the germ of modern nursing in Europe. However, the most outstanding contribution to the nursing career was made by the Englishwoman Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). She in 1854 ~ 1856, Britain, France, Turkey and Imperial Russia in the Crimea during the war, led the nursing staff to the British war hospitals to care for the sick and wounded, improve hospital logistics and environmental health, so that the mortality rate of the wounded from more than 50%, down to 2.2%, which attracted the attention of the nursing work, and get the reward of the United Kingdom * * * In 1858, she wrote the "hospital account" and in 1859, wrote "hospitals" and "hospitals". In 1858, she wrote the "hospital account" and 1859, "nursing account" (1946 reprint renamed "the art of nursing") two books have become a classic work of nursing academia. 1860, she used donations to found the first formal nursing school in Britain, emphasizing that nursing is a non-religious professions must be scientifically trained and quality nurses responsible for the education and administration of nurses. This reform established the social and scientific status of modern nursing. In order to commemorate the contribution of Nightingale to the cause of medical care, the International Council of Nurses will be her birthday on May 12 as "Nurses' Day", and the establishment of the Nightingale Foundation, set up scholarships for nurses from various countries to the United Kingdom for further study. The fund is now held by a joint committee of the International Council of Nurses and the International Red Cross. Since 1912, the Nightingale Medal has been awarded every two years to nurses with outstanding achievements in various countries, and in 1983, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), through the Red Cross Society of China (RCSC), awarded Candy Wang the Nightingale Medal. She was the first domestic recipient of the international nurse's highest honor.

With the rise of modern preventive medicine, in order to improve the health of the population, strengthen disease prevention measures, publicize health knowledge, and guide home care, public **** health nursing (also known as community nursing) has become one of the important specialties of nursing. William Rathbone of the United Kingdom, Lilian Wald of the United States and Mary Brekinridge and others have made certain achievements in pioneering urban and rural public **** health care, especially in family visits, maternal and child health care. Margaret Sanger, an American nurse, advocated birth control, and she was president of the American Birth Control Federation, an effort supported by society and the medical community.