Minority dwellings

Traditional folk houses of nomadic people such as Mongolia. In ancient times, it was called vault, also called felt tent, tent and felt bag. Mongolian is called Geer and Manchu is called Mongolian yurt or Mongolian blog. The residence created by this nomadic people to adapt to nomadic life is easy to disassemble and assemble, which is convenient for nomadism. It has appeared since the Xiongnu period and has been in use ever since. The yurt is circular, and the surrounding side walls are divided into several pieces, each of which is 130 ~ 160 cm high and about 230 cm long. Weave a net with wooden strips, and connect several pieces into a circle, covering a long umbrella-shaped dome and connecting it with the side wall. The top and four walls of the tent are covered or surrounded by felt and fixed with ropes. A wooden frame with door panels is left on the southwest wall, and a circular skylight is left at the top of the tent for lighting, ventilation and smoke exhaust, and it is covered with felt at night or in stormy days. The smallest diameter of the yurt is more than 300 centimeters, and the big one can accommodate hundreds of people. During the Mongol khanate, Khan and the king's tent could accommodate 2000 people. There are two kinds of yurts: fixed and swimming. In semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, more fixed buildings will be built, surrounded by earth walls and covered with reeds; Most nomadic areas are dominated by swimming. Swimming can be divided into detachable and non-detachable types. The former is carried by livestock, while the latter is pulled by ox cart or carriage. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the number of Mongolian immigrants increased, and only in nomadic areas did Mongolian yurts remain. In addition to Mongolians, Kazakh and Tajik herders also live in yurts when they are nomadic.

On the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind roared, and many white tents were dotted on the ground. They are Mongolian yurts, which Mongols call "Mongolian yurts". Since there were Mongols, people began to use yurts. Long time no see. But when did you start using it? Nobody knows the exact time.

Mongolian yurts have become the daily residence of Mongolians. Most Mongolians are nomadic tribes, and their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels are looking for new pastures all year round. Mongolian yurts can be packed into luggage, carried by several humped camels, transported to the next station, and then pitched.

Traditional Tibetan dwellings, like other cultural forms in Tibet, have their own unique personality. Tibetan folk houses are rich and colorful, and the blockhouses in the southern Tibetan valley, the financial offices in the pastoral areas in northern Tibet, and the wooden buildings in the forest areas in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin have their own characteristics. You can even find caves on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative Tibetan folk house is the diaofang. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and if it is built on a mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Typical Tibetan houses are made of earth and stone, which look like bunkers, commonly known as bunkers. Generally, there are two or three floors, and there are also four floors. Usually the ground floor is used as a barn, and the upper floor is used by people to store goods, and there are also halls. The plane layout retreats step by step, and the lower roof forms the upper terrace. The toilet is located on the upper floor and hung on the back wall. There is a hole in the ground of the toilet, and the feces can directly fall into the cesspit outside the cowshed on the bottom floor, thus avoiding the trouble of cleaning. If there are two floors of toilets, the upper and lower floors are staggered, so that the sewage on the upper floor can fall into the cesspit below unimpeded.

The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing.

Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds.

Tibetan tents can be divided into winter tents and summer tents. A winter tent is woven from yak hair. First, it is woven into thick dark brown or black and white felt strips, and then it is sewn into a tent according to the required size. This kind of tent can adapt to the plateau rainstorm, heavy snow and cold climate. Different sizes, shapes are rectangle, square, hexagon and polygon. Support with a shelf or column. The indoor clear height is about 1.6-2m. Tie yak rope at the top of the tent, nail dike piles around it, and anchor them with wooden stakes or horns of cattle and sheep. There is a skylight at the top of the tent for ventilation, lighting and smoke exhaust, which can be sheltered in rainy days. Low walls are usually enclosed with turf or stones to keep out the cold.

Summer tent is a kind of light tent used by herders when they go out in summer. It is made of white canvas and Tibetan cloth, with squares and rectangles. Surrounded by dark, brown or blue edges. The tent is also decorated with exquisite auspicious eight treasures, Five Blessingg's birthday celebration, white clouds and lions, and six divisions in the wheel of karma. There are also large tents that can accommodate hundreds of people, including double-layer tents that are both heat-insulating and sun-proof. It has a strong religious decorative color. In the wilderness of green mountains and green waters, there are small white curtains and plumes of smoke, which are unique and have Tibetan cultural characteristics.

Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Laying black yak carpet, leaving gaps about 15 cm wide and 1.5 m long for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm was built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, on which were piled highland barley, butter buns and dried cow dung? For fuel? The arrangement of the accounting room is simple, with a fire stove in the middle, a Buddha statue behind the stove, and sheepskin on the ground around for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation.

The strong religious color is the most obvious sign that Tibetan dwellings are different from other ethnic dwellings.

Qiang architecture is most famous for its towers, stone houses, cables, plank roads and water weirs.

Through the mill

Qiang people call the diaolou "Denglong". As early as 2000 years ago, it was recorded in the book Biography of Southwestern Foreigners in the Later Han Dynasty that Qiang people "lived by mountains and built houses with stones, more than ten feet high". The watchtowers are mostly built next to village houses, with a height of 10 to 30 meters, which are used to guard against the enemy and store grain, grass and firewood. The watchtower has four corners, six corners and eight corners. Some are as high as thirteen or fourteen stories. Building materials are stone chips and yellow mud. The foundation depth of the wall is135m, and it is made of stone chips. The inside of the stone wall is vertical to the ground, and the outside is slightly inclined from bottom to top. During the construction, there is no need for drawing, stringing and column support, and it is all based on superb technology and experience. This building is strong and durable. 1988, Yongan Village, Qiang Township, Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, discovered the ruins of the ancient castle of Amin Dynasty "Yongpingbao". After hundreds of years of vicissitudes, it is still well preserved.

Banna dwellings

Residential architecture is an integral part of a nation's traditional culture in a certain social and historical period, and it is also the epitome of traditional culture. The residential buildings of Dai, Hani, Bulang, Jinuo and Lahu nationalities in Xishuangbanna have formed many different forms and architectural styles due to the influence of natural environment such as climate, altitude, topography, building materials and social environment such as population, economy, religion, science and technology and ideology.

Sangyamu Beitou Zhulou

In ancient times, the Dai family had no house to live in, so they had to live in caves. A man named Paya Sang Mu learned how to build a house before he taught everyone how to build a bamboo house in A Dai.

These villages are uneven.

Hani people live on sunny hillsides and are built by mountains. Generally, there are 30 to 40 villages, hundreds at most. Behind the village is a lush ancient wood jungle surrounded by bamboo and palm trees, peach trees and pear trees, and the terraces in front of the village extend to the bottom of the river. There is a clear and cool spring well not far from the village. The buildings of Hani nationality are arranged along the slope in combination with the terrain, and the height is patchy, which has a simple and changeable scene.

Mushrooms are covered with mountains.

Legend has it that in ancient times, Hani people lived in caves, with high mountains and steep roads, which made it inconvenient to go out to work. Later, when they moved to a place called "Ye Luo", they saw that the mountain was covered with big mushrooms. They are not afraid of wind and rain, but also allow ants and insects to nest below, so they built such a mushroom house.

The mushroom house is very beautiful and unique. Even in the cold winter, the room is warm; In hot summer, the room is very cool. Mali Village, Yuanyang County, Honghe Prefecture, the largest Hani village, is the most typical.

Mushrooms are layered and fragrant.

The mushroom house of Hani nationality is shaped like a mushroom and consists of earth walls, bamboo frames and thatched roofs. The roof has four slopes. The house is layered: cows and horses are closed at the bottom and farm tools are piled up; The middle floor is paved with wooden boards and divided into three rooms: left, middle and right. There is a square fire pond in the middle, which is full of fireworks all the year round. The top floor is covered with mud, which can not only prevent fire, but also pile up items.

Earthwork is the main wall material in building construction. The roof has a flat-topped "earth palm house" and a thatched house with two slopes and four slopes. Because of the steep terrain and lack of flat land, flat-roofed houses are more common, which can not only prevent fire, but also facilitate the drying of grain on the roof and make full use of space.

When the guests arrive, the enthusiastic host will invite you to sit around the fireplace and let you take a long puff of hookah, drink a cup of hot "glutinous rice fragrant tea" and a bowl of delicious "canned wine". While in high spirits, the host opened his voice to show that the Hani people have a coherent voice like Ailao Mountain and bamboo, and wished the guests good luck and friendship.

Throughout history, mushroom houses have been built in places where Hani people migrated. After long-term development and improvement, the mushroom house now has both traditional characteristics and is improving day by day. Together with towering peaks, charming sea of clouds and colorful terraces, it has become a wonder of Ailao Mountain.

Other answers *** 2 The most representative Tibetan dwellings are bunkers. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and if it is built on a mountain, the inner slope is still vertical. Bunkers are generally divided into upper and lower floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The bottom floor is a barn and a storage room, and the floor height is low; The second floor is the residential floor, and the large suite, bedroom, kitchen and small room are storage rooms or stairwells. If there is a third floor, it will be used as a lecture hall and terrace.

The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing.

Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds. Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Laying black yak carpet, leaving gaps about 15 cm wide and 1.5 m long for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm is built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, and highland barley, ghee bags and dried cow dung (for fuel) are piled on it. The tent is simply furnished, with a fire stove in the middle and a Buddha statue behind it, and the ground around it is covered with sheepskin for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation.

Tibetans are a nation that loves beauty and is good at expressing beauty, so they are also very particular about the decoration of their homes. People usually draw auspicious patterns on the indoor walls and blue, green and red ribbons on the interior walls of the living room to symbolize the blue sky, land and sea. The houses in Shigatse are painted with auspicious clouds of the sun, the moon, the wind and the horse, while the houses in Mangkang, Qamdo, try their best to render the external walls, doors and windows, with colorful decorations and extraordinary momentum.

The strong religious color is the most obvious sign that Tibetan dwellings are different from other ethnic dwellings.

The indoor and outdoor furnishings of the houses show the lofty status of the gods and buddhas. Whether it is the residence of farmers and herdsmen or the upper mansion of the nobility, there are facilities for offering Buddha. The simplest one also set up a confession of worshipping bodhisattva.

Decoration with religious significance is the most prominent symbol of Tibetan folk houses. Red, blue and white striped curtains are hung under the eaves picked out from the exterior doors and windows, and the surrounding window covers are black. The skirting line of the roof parapet and its corner are "buildings" composed of red, white, blue, yellow and green stripes. In the Tibetan religious color view, these five colors are fire, cloud, sky, earth and water to express auspicious wishes.

There are also wall decorations showing Tibetan Buddhist factions. For example, the walls of houses in Sakya are painted with white stripes, and the stripes are painted with khaki and dark blue gray ribbons of the same width, and the hollow is white. In the right corner of the main building or courtyard wall and the wider wall, excellent stripes of khaki and white are also painted from top to bottom to mark the region's belief in Sakya.

The most representative settlement mode in Tibet is religious settlement. The formation and development of religious settlements have added charm to Tibetan folk houses. For example, the residential group of Barkhor Street in Lhasa is developed around Jokhang Temple and is a typical representative of religious settlements in cities and towns. The formation of residential settlements in agricultural and pastoral areas is centered on temples, freely arranged and dispersed, forming an unrelated pattern.

Tibetan dwellings not only pay attention to cold, wind and earthquake prevention, but also use methods such as opening air doors, setting patios and skylights to better solve the influence of unfavorable natural environment factors such as climate and geography on production and life, and achieve the effect of ventilation and heating.

1959 before the democratic reform, most residents in Tibet lived in low shacks, and the homeless poor could only live under the eaves and along the road. After the founding of Xizang Autonomous Region, the government invested a lot of money to improve residents' housing. By 1994, the per capita housing area in urban areas reached 12.24 square meters, and that in rural areas was 20.36 square meters. Due to the slow economic development in old Tibet, building materials were limited to stones and clay. Nowadays, people's houses make full use of all kinds of modern building materials, and many high-rise buildings have been built, which makes the Tibetan architectural style play a better role. Most people in old Tibet had extremely poor indoor facilities. Now, televisions, tape recorders and complete sets of Tibetan furniture have entered ordinary Tibetan families. China people's reform and opening up has made Tibetan residents have more money, and they have decorated their houses beautifully and distinctively.