What is the current status of water resources in Jinjiang? What is the average annual water consumption per person?

I. A brief introduction to the background and practice of the investigation Quanzhou is located in the southeast coast of China, the jurisdiction covers an area of 11015 square kilometers, with a population of 7.28 million people, and the total amount of annual surface water resources is about 10 billion cubic meters, of which the Dazhang Creek belongs to the Minjiang River system, with an average annual runoff of about 2.42 billion cubic meters; the Jiulongjiang River, which enters the sea from Zhangzhou, with an average annual runoff of about 1.2 billion cubic meters; the rivers that flow into the sea from the coast near the sea dozens of them, with an average annual runoff of about 1 billion cubic meters; and the Jinjiang River, with an average annual runoff of about 5.4 billion cubic meters, is the remaining one. Due to the Dazhangxi and Jiulongjiang basins are in the mountainous areas in the northeast and northwest of Quanzhou, sparsely populated, economically backward, and the whole basin is not in Quanzhou City, the deployment of water resources involves the regional interests of more difficult; self-flowing into the sea rivers are mostly short and small, and the centralized utilization of water resources is not high, and the whole basin of the Jinjiang River, which is the third largest river in Fujian Province that flows unilaterally into the sea, is located in Quanzhou City, which makes it easy to implement the unified deployment and utilization of water resources. And utilization, it has become more than seventy percent of the population of Quanzhou (in addition to nearly three million foreign population) and more than eighty percent of the economic output as well as the downstream ecological and environmental water supply of the main source of water supply, is the survival and development of Quanzhou rely on the mother of the river in name. But this mother river in Quanzhou's growing economy, rapidly increasing population and more and more pollution in the face of some gradually overwhelmed, in recent years there are many problems, the news media reports continuous, many reports are alarming. So what is the current situation of water resources in the Jinjiang River Basin, how serious is the situation, what are the causes of this phenomenon, and how should we respond to this crisis. The field survey was roughly divided into two phases, with July 10th to 19th being the first phase. The survey team mainly investigated in the center of economic activities in the lower reaches of the Jinjiang River, investigating in turn Quanzhou city -- Jinjiang city -- Chenli town of Jinjiang -- Shishi city center --Shishi Baogai Town - Jinjiang Chidian Town. During this period we mainly interviewed residents along the street, conducted questionnaire surveys, distributed water resource protection leaflets, field visits to the city ditch river, suburban natural rivers and to the relevant departments to talk about the situation as the main activities, *** distributed 9,000 copies of publicity materials, more than 1,100 questionnaire surveys, visited the Quanzhou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, the Baozhou sewage treatment plant, Quanzhou Evening Newspaper, Quanzhou Municipal Water Conservancy Bureau, Jinjiang Environmental Protection Bureau, the People's Government of Chidian Town, and the Second Water Treatment Plant of Chendai Town, etc. Through talks and visits, we gained a certain understanding of the relevant work of various government departments, and obtained a lot of materials on the status and protection of water resources in Quanzhou. July 19th to 25th is the second stage of the investigation activities, the investigation team started from the mouth of the Jinjiang River, began to investigate the Jinjiang River on foot, through the town of Nan'an Fengzhou and Quanzhou Jinji barrage to the mouth of Shuangxi, where it was divided into two groups, respectively, along the East Creek and the West Creek upstream to the headwaters. The main purpose of this stage was to observe the changes in water quality from downstream to upstream, and to understand the views of residents of towns and villages along the way on the water resources of the Jinjiang River. The team also visited the management office of the Quanzhou Jinji Barrage, the management office of the Shanmei Reservoir, the Yilida Environmental Protection Science and Technology Company Limited, the Nan'an Lianxin Paper Co. Ltd. the Nan'an Qiaosheng Bearing Factory, the Xueshanyan Management Office of Yongchun Chengxiang Township, and the village committee of Yunlu Village in Jindou Township. During this time the investigation team walked during the day, after arriving at the accommodation hostel, and then continue to the streets at night to conduct questionnaire surveys and environmental protection propaganda, **** distributed 1,000 copies of promotional materials, carried out more than 150 questionnaires, access to a large number of first-hand materials, for the upper reaches of Jinjiang River Basin area has a more comprehensive understanding of the situation. During the fieldwork, we came into contact with various aspects of water resources, tasted tap water, well water, stream water, and spring water from downstream to upstream, and gained an understanding of the work of government departments and the attitude and awareness of the public. After the field survey, we distributed 300 questionnaires to the university in September, and conducted a questionnaire survey among the university students, and then collated the materials from the field survey, analyzed the questionnaires, and combined them with the relevant theoretical models and ecological theories, and then slowly formed our understanding and views on the water resources problems in Jinjiang River Basin. Second, the main conclusions obtained from the survey (a) The modernization process and the emergence of water resources crisis in Jinjiang River Basin The facts and data obtained from the survey show that the Jinjiang River Basin in Quanzhou is facing a more serious water resources crisis. First of all, there is resource water shortage. During the survey, villagers in Crab Village told us, "The amount of water in Jinjiang River has become smaller, the river used to be very wide here, but now it is narrower by 1 kilometer, and the water level has dropped a lot, about 2 meters. In the past, there would be floods, but now it has been more than ten years since we have seen any big water." The management of Jinji Barrage Management Office also told us that in addition to the existing South High Main Drainage and North High Main Drainage, the three coastal towns of Nan'an, Hui'an, Quangang and Shishi City all want to engage in direct pipeline diversion of water from here, and the existing water resource allocation plan is facing major difficulties, and if new water sources are not added, according to the current rate of increase in water use, calculated in a normal year, by the year 2010, the water shortages in the lower reaches of the Jinjiang River are estimated to reach 400 million cubic meters, and in 2020 it will reach 1 billion cubic meters. There are also water quality shortages. In Jinjiang City and Shishi City in the lower reaches of the Jinjiang River, over a period of five days, we made field observations of the inner ditches and rivers in the cities as well as the rivers marked on the maps of the townships we surveyed. In the face of the black, brown, or reddish viscous liquids that flowed slowly and emitted a pungent odor in the water hyacinth-covered rivers, it was possible to tell without the use of any analytical instruments that the water in these ditches had lost its value for use altogether. This is the case in Jinjiang City, Chen Dai Town, Shishi City, Baogai Town and Chidian Town. But the problem does not seem to be that simple. When dealing with the more than 1,000 questionnaires made during the survey, we found aspects that were somewhat contradictory to our impressions from the survey. In response to the question "Do you think Quanzhou is short of water?" In the answer to the question "Do you think Quanzhou is short of water?", 10.6% and 48.9% thought that there was a great lack and a comparative lack respectively, while 34.1% and 6.3% thought that there should be no lack and that there was plenty of water; in the answer to the question "Do you think that the water in Quanzhou is seriously polluted?" In the answer to the question "Do you think water pollution in Quanzhou is serious?", 29.1% think that it is serious and has affected their lives, 53.0% think that it is more serious but still within control, 8.5% think that it doesn't matter and the water is quite clean, and 9.5% think that it doesn't matter, not quite sure; in the answer to the question "For the contradiction between the development of the economy and the protection of the environment, which area do you think that more attention should be paid to? In the opinion of "on the conflict between economic development and environmental protection, which aspect do you think should be emphasized more now?", 2.4% thought that more importance should be attached to the economy, 30.0% thought that more importance should be attached to the environment, 66.4% thought that importance should be attached to both, and 1.3% thought that it did not matter. That is to say in more than a thousand surveyed public, think Quanzhou is very short of water only 10%, and think not short of water and very adequate accounted for more than 40%; think that Quanzhou water pollution is serious has affected their own lives have close to 30%, but more than half of the people think that Quanzhou pollution is just more serious, but still within the scope of controllable; as for the development of the economy and the protection of the environment of the contradiction, only 30% of the people As for the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection, only 30% of the people think that protecting the environment is more important, and close to 70% of the people advocate that both should be emphasized. If this survey is regarded as a public opinion poll, then it can show that the majority of the people's view on the environment and water pollution should be that attention should be paid to it but it can still be tolerated, and that the task of developing the economy should not be put down. To be more fashionable, if a referendum on environmental protection and water resource management is held now, according to the results of the survey, we have reason to believe that the loud and clear advocates of more environmental protection will not be passed, while the prudent and steady advocates of coordinated development will be the public's choice. It is impossible to see only the pollution of the environment and the crisis of water resources, and it is impossible to get the results of economic development without being willing to bear the cost of declining resource and environmental conditions. contemporary resource and environmental theories since the 1970s have pointed out, in response to the inadequacy of the previous focus on the depletion of resources, pollution control, environmental protection, and other micro issues, that at the macro level, the process of economic development is dependent on the resource and environment, and economic activities inevitably incur resource and environmental costs. economic activities inevitably incur resource and environmental costs. Since the 1970s, economists have also found that the level of environmental pollution in a country shows an inverted U-shaped curve that rises and then falls with income growth, a curve known as the environmental Kuznets curve. Based on this observation, we realize that a country's modernization always goes through two stages, which can be called lower and higher modernization respectively. In the first stage of modernization, i.e. the primary modernization stage, people mainly focus on the growth of material wealth, the main content of development is the industrial economy, the level of technology will not be very high, and the strategic center of the country and the government is the economic growth; while in the second stage of modernization, i.e. the advanced stage, people begin to pay more and more attention to the service and the psychology based on a high degree of richness of the material supply, and pay attention to the improvement of the quality of life and the surrounding environment. and the improvement of the surrounding environment, the main support for development in this stage is no longer industry, but information services, the technological level of industry is also greatly improved, and the central task of the government is to provide satisfactory public **** services. Examined from another point of view, this macro-expression of social development also has a certain correspondence with the development of individual psychological needs. According to the theory of humanistic psychologist Maslow, people's psychological needs are in accordance with the low to high level of continuous development, the lower level is biased towards the material, the higher level is biased towards the spiritual, and only after the first to meet the needs of the lower level of the need to produce a new higher level of need. The process of social modernization is also the process of constantly realizing and satisfying people's psychological needs. In a general sense, the first thing that needs to be paid attention to is people's eager material needs, and then people's increasing attention to the quality of life and the surrounding environment. China's national conditions are characterized by low resource carrying capacity and a relatively fragile environment, but at the same time, it also has the premise of a large population and a generally low cultural quality of the population. The Chinese people's desire for modernization and their wish for a good life is the same as that of other countries, and the realization of modernization under such realistic constraints has, for several decades now, relied mainly on our peasants and industrial workers to provide the main impetus for economic growth, on the entrepreneurs who started their businesses from small workshops to carry out industrial innovation, it is inevitable that there will be a certain amount of environmental pollution and a crisis of water resources. It is not historically correct to be overly critical of our past without recognizing this; to overreact to the current environmental pollution without seeing all the circumstances of the past. (II) Modernization Process and Management of Jinjiang Water Crisis From the point of view of the emergence of water crisis in Jinjiang, it is a painful result of China's modernization process, and a necessary stage in the economic and social development of Quanzhou. However, this does not mean that such a crisis and the pollution of Jinjiang's water resources should remain so forever, should continue to deteriorate, and that there is neither a need nor a possibility for a solution. Also according to the environmental Kuznets curve, we know that the level of environmental pollution will not keep on rising as people's income level rises and as modernization advances, but will start to fall after a certain level and keep on falling, gradually returning to a better environmental level. In the practical stage of the investigation of water resources in the Jinjiang River Basin, we experienced this transition and felt the progress of people's concepts and changes in economic production methods. For example, when asked the question "Are you willing to participate in environmental protection activities", 27.4% of the public who took part in the survey answered that they were very willing to do so, up to 60% answered that they were willing to do so, and only 12% answered that they were not willing to do so or did not care about it; on the question "Do you have the habit of saving water in your life? On the question of "Do you have the habit of saving water in your life?", more than 80% of the public participated in the survey answered that they have the habit of saving water, and only less than 20% answered that they did not have or had not thought about it. After these years of economic development and awareness of the environment, it should be said that the public's awareness of environmental protection is getting stronger and stronger, and many people have begun to put it into action, and the public opinion basis for environmental improvement and water resource protection has been gradually available. From the economic and industrial structure, after more than two decades of development, Quanzhou City, the economic and industrial structure has undergone significant changes, from "one, two, three" to "two, three, one" big leap. 2001 Quanzhou City, one, two, three industries accounted for the proportion of GDP were 7.4: 52.7: 39.9, according to the industrialization of developed countries in the process of industrialization, the initial stage of industrialization, the ratio of value-added of the three industries is 35: 35: 39.9, the initial stage of industrialization, the ratio of value-added of the three industries is 35:35:35, the proportion of value-added of the three industries is 35:35:35. According to the development process of industrialization in international developed countries, the ratio of added value of three industries in the initial stage of industrialization is 35:35:30, i.e., the ratio of secondary industry to primary industry is about 1. The ratio of three industries in the advanced stage of industrialization is 4:35:61, i.e., the ratio of secondary industry to primary industry is higher than 8. The higher the ratio of secondary industry to primary industry, the higher the degree of industrialization is. By 2001, the ratio of secondary production to primary production in Quanzhou was 7.1. From the industrial structure, Quanzhou has entered the transition from the middle stage of industrialization to the late stage of industrialization. In addition, with the development of society, the social capital is also more and more, these social capital, if guided properly, can participate in the environmental protection business. This survey we heard more of a word is BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer), this kind of social capital investment in public welfare construction, in operation for a certain period of time to recover the cost of obtaining a certain amount of profit and then handed over to the government's model, for the mobilization of all kinds of social forces to participate in environmental protection, the full use of the market-oriented way to solve the problem of insufficient investment in the short term, there is a great opportunity to mobilize social capital. Insufficient investment in the problem, there is a great role. The Baozhou sewage treatment plant, which treats 150,000 tons of sewage per day, is this model, as are several sewage treatment plants and waste treatment plants built in the upper reaches of the Jinjiang River, and BOT is also a priority in the future environmental planning of local governments. Without the foundation of economic development and a large accumulation of social capital, the BOT model cannot be talked about. The experience of the 15 days of fieldwork made us realize that the emergence of the water crisis in Quanzhou today is a result of the development of industrialization, but more than two decades of industrialization have also provided unprecedented conditions and possibilities for changing the situation. As Quanzhou's economic and social development continues to deepen and improve, we see that the solution to the water crisis has slowly appeared some light, already has some possibilities, although the governance and improvement of the power is still insufficient, still very weak, but the prospect is very clear, this is another critical period of modernization, is the second transformation of social development, can we recognize and promote this transformation, complete the economic development model and people's concept of life change is the most important thing to do, and the best way to achieve this goal is to make a better future. The key to solving the water crisis is to recognize and promote this transition, and to complete the change of the economic development model and people's life concepts. （Building a modern government is the key to managing the water crisis The management of the water crisis in the modern social process requires a modern government. Whether or not such a modern government can be established determines not only whether or not the development of the modern society can continue to move forward, but also whether or not the serious environmental and water crises can be managed quickly and effectively. Such a government should be defined in three ways: firstly, what kind of functions the government should have, and what the government should do and what it should not do. What should be managed should be managed, what should not be managed by the government, and what does not require government intervention should not be misplaced by the government. The second is how the government performs its functions and by what means it realizes its management. The third is that the government should fulfill its functions under the supervision of the society, the media and the public, and it should not have more power than the law and public opinion. The 15-day investigation of the current water resource situation in the Jinjiang River Basin has made us y realize the complexity of the water resource problem and the enormity of solving it. Although Quanzhou as a whole has entered the threshold from early to late industrialization, and the socio-economic and industrial structure has begun to transform, the situation is different when it comes to counties, cities and towns one by one. For many people and governments in mountainous and backward places, the first task before them is still to develop the economy and improve the standard of living, which is the message revealed by the huge billboards we saw along the way for the construction of those investment parks. So, how to meet their aspirations to promote their economic development and pay attention to the protection of water resources, which requires the government to have a comprehensive consideration and planning. Water resources issues and is the whole basin, the whole time, the full range of integrated issues, in this issue, there are upstream and downstream, economic development and water protection, business and the people, business and enterprise, industry, agriculture and residential life, environmental and ecological water, technical and legal means, unified planning and specific measures and other interrelated and mutually restraining complex relationship, can not deal with these relationships on the test of whether we have a modern government. Whether we have a modern government. Objectively speaking, the survey we feel that all levels of government and various departments do do a lot of work, in the protection of the water environment, water pollution control, to ensure the development of Quanzhou production and residents living in the water has also made great achievements, but, relative to the requirements of the highly developed modern society, relative to the increasingly serious situation of water resources, the government's work there are a lot of limitations and deficiencies, can not let the public satisfaction. Take the statistical results of the questionnaire as an example, in the question "How do you think the relevant government departments are doing in terms of water management and services?", 7% of the respondents were surveyed. In the question, the 791 members of the public surveyed answered "very bad, the work is not in place," 14.3%, answered "very good, satisfactory" only 1.8%, answered "not bad, can provide basic needs 35.4% answered "not so good, there are a lot of problems that no one cares about", 43.3% answered "it is hard to say, the government has its own difficulties", and 5.2% answered "it is hard to say, the government has its own difficulties", which shows that nearly 60% of the public are dissatisfied with the government's management and service work. This shows that nearly 60% of the public are dissatisfied with the government's management and services. In the answer to the question "If you are not going to report water pollution incidents, because:", 791 people surveyed, 63.1% answered "I think it's useless to report it", these data on the one hand, part of the public on their own report of no use, on the other hand, it also reflects the public's own report of no use of summarized life experience. Summarize the life experience of some members of the public on the one hand, on the other hand, also reflects the existence of public distrust of the government. （Wide public participation is an important guarantee for water crisis management The modern government is an indispensable subject for environmental protection and management to solve the water crisis, but it is not the only subject. In the water crisis of modern society, the most anxious and closely related to their own interests is not the government, but the public. For the public, the water crisis is not a purely distant word, nor is it the basis of a model in the mouths of theorists, but life, health and property, which are the most important things that are closely related to their own life and happiness and that of their families. During our fieldwork, we were often moved by the passion of the people in the areas we surveyed, and shocked by their pain and indignation at suffering from water pollution. The villagers of Gaoxia Village, Qingyang Town, Jinjiang, offered to help us after seeing our banner and understanding the purpose of our investigation, and several motorcycle carriers even drove us free of charge to look at the surrounding sewers and sewage pipes. Passed through the Nanan Hongse Town Alcove Village, we rested in a house, and took the opportunity to understand the village water situation, the owner seriously introduced to us the village has more than 1,000 people, there is no enterprise, the economy is not developed, are very poor, the villagers are drinking water is to collect funds from the mountains to attract the spring water, water is very sweet, the amount of water is also relatively abundant. But now there is no one to take care of the trees in the mountains, they are almost cut down, there used to be a lot of big trees in a hug, and now there are no more. Talking about these, the owner's concern was overflowing and offered to take us to the mountains for field investigation. Nan'an dock town of Nandong village villagers, after understanding the purpose of our investigation, pulling us to talk non-stop, told us that now the opposite side of the river is very dirty, there is no way to take a bath, and even wash clothes can not be, so that a family of water to rely on all the water of the mountain springs, it will be not enough to use the water in winter often cut off the water, it's very difficult. For the causes of river pollution, they know very well, very carefully told us that those enterprises caused the pollution of the river, and one by one to point out the location of these polluting enterprises and secretly discharged in the middle of the night. At present, the conditions for public participation are still immature, public awareness is in the nascent stage, and the institutions and mechanisms related to public participation are not sound, so it is all the more necessary to recognize the situation, grasp the trend and trend of social progress, and promote social progress, on the basis of which to solve the crisis of environmental and public **** events, including the water crisis. This requires the government's leadership, the government's vigorous action, the need to establish a new type of relationship between the government and the public two-way benign interaction, *** with should be more and more serious water crisis. This new type of two-way interactive relationship between the government and the public requires, first of all, mutual trust between the government and the public, where the public has faith in the government's willingness and ability to fulfill its basic functions, the government has faith in the public's motivation to participate, and both sides need to leave behind the shadows of the traditional relationship between the government and the public and come out of the fear or vigilance of regime change. The government confirms its sincerity and role in performing its public *** functions with its own practical actions, and is able to listen to the public's criticisms of the shortcomings and deficiencies of its work. The public understands the difficulties of the government's work, and tries its best to express its demands rationally through lawful channels without going overboard or resorting to irrational behaviors. On such a basis, the government should first help the public to judge public **** policy issues objectively, rationally and pragmatically, and disclose the nature, content, current situation and problems related to public **** issues through various means, such as school education, media publicity and policy propaganda, etc., and at the same time pay attention to its own concepts and structural adjustments, and encourage various subjects of interest to put forward their own views and opinions from various aspects, and gradually guide the public to participate in public **** affairs, for the public free, equal and orderly participation in public **** decision-making to provide institutional and conditions to ensure that the maximum degree of social equity and justice, and truly effective solution to the complex problem of water resources. This two-way benign interaction of the new relationship for the public, mainly reflected in when the government puts forward and the public beliefs and interests of the program in a cooperative attitude to rationally participate in decision-making and supervision, in the process of participation, but also continue to exercise constantly improve, do not put forward beyond the reality of the conditions and the possibility of the requirements, as a way to stimulate the government to open up to a greater extent, so as to achieve the smooth resolution of the public **** problem.