Advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI). It is a new technical science to study and develop theories, methods, technologies and application systems that simulate, extend and expand human intelligence. The following is the relevant information of the pros and cons of artificial intelligence papers I have carefully sorted out, hoping to help you!

Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Abstract: Since the birth of 1956, artificial intelligence has made a lot of progress through decades of development. It is widely used in machine vision, expert system, intelligent search, theorem proving, games, automatic programming, intelligent control, robotics and other fields, and its relationship with human life is getting closer and closer. In the absence of exact security certification, whether it is feasible to widely develop artificial intelligence and whether artificial intelligence will overcome human intelligence is still widely debated. This paper discusses the general situation of artificial intelligence, the relationship between its application fields and human life, and holds that the development of artificial intelligence needs to be carried out within the controllable range of human intelligence.

Keywords: artificial intelligence transcends human intelligence degradation

I. Overview of Artificial Intelligence

(A) the concept of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI). It is a new technical science to study and develop theories, methods, technologies and application systems that simulate, extend and expand human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, which tries to understand the nature of intelligence and produce a new intelligent machine that can respond in a way similar to human intelligence. The research in this field includes robot, language recognition, image recognition, natural language processing and expert system.

(B) the rise of artificial intelligence

1956, john mccarthy, who is considered as the father of artificial intelligence, organized a society and convened many experts and scholars interested in machine intelligence for a month. He invited them to attend the Dartmouth summer seminar on artificial intelligence in Vermont. Since then, this field has been named "artificial intelligence". Newell and Simon put forward the hypothesis of physical symbol system in 1976, holding that physical symbol system is a necessary and sufficient condition for expressing intelligent behavior. Minsky put forward the representation method of frame knowledge from the research of psychology. In the 1980s, Minsky believed that there was no unified theory of human intelligence. Represented by McCarthy and Nelson, they advocate using logic to study artificial intelligence, that is, using formal methods to describe the objective world. In the research of artificial intelligence, the logical school emphasizes the representation of conceptual knowledge, the semantics of model theory, deductive reasoning and so on. McCarthy advocates that everything can be expressed by a unified logical framework, and nonmonotonic logic is the center of common sense reasoning. What is the traditional research idea of artificial intelligence? Top down? Type, its goal is to make the machine imitate people, and think that the thinking activities of the human brain can pass some formulas and rules.

Therefore, it is hoped that by translating human thinking patterns into programming languages and inputting them into machines, machines will have the same thinking ability as humans one day. This theory guided the research of early artificial intelligence.

(C) the development of artificial intelligence

Samuel developed a checkers program in 1956 and defeated Samuel himself in 1959.

1959 Wang Hao, a Chinese-American scholar and professor at Rockefeller University, proved his automatic theorem.

1976? Proof of Four-color Theorem

1977 is this Herbert? Feigenbaum, a graduate student of Simon, is a young scholar of Stanford University.

(E.Feigenbaum), presented at the 5th International Congress on Artificial Intelligence? Knowledge engineering? 1976 the concept of medical expert system MYCIN was developed by Schotrev of Stanford University.

In 1980s, AI was introduced into the market and showed practical value.

1997? Deep blue?

20 1 1 September, at the computer science and technology exhibition held in Guwahati, India, a? Cleverbot？ Successfully deceived nearly 800 viewers, making it difficult for them to tell whether the conversation came from real people or computer software. On the same day, 30 volunteers who participated in the chat experiment were arranged to have a 4-minute online text chat. Who might be chatting with? Intelligent robot? , it may also be a real person. Their conversation is shown in

On the big screen 1334 ordinary viewers watch the dialogue and vote. As a result, more than 59.3% of the audience put people and? Intelligent robot? Dialogue between adults is mistaken for dialogue between people? Intelligent robot? Inventor, British Rollo? Carpenter told the reporter happily: You can say that the intelligent robot passed the Turing test by fooling more than half of the audience.

Second, people's dependence on artificial intelligence.

(A) the main application areas of artificial intelligence

At present, the main application fields of artificial intelligence are machine vision (fingerprint recognition, face recognition, retina recognition, iris recognition and palmprint recognition), expert system, intelligent search, theorem proving, games, automatic programming, intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming and so on.

(B) the close relationship between people's lives and artificial intelligence

From smart phones, self-driving cars to medical robots, the artificial intelligence revolution has arrived. Artificial intelligence makes internet search more sensitive; Translate the text from one language to another; In the heavy traffic

Recommend the smoothest route; Help identify credit card fraud? Although many times we don't even realize its existence, our lives are quietly changed because of it.

In Silicon Valley, Nicholas? Yaning gets up in the morning and goes to work. It takes 40 minutes to get to the company. The technician working at Google walks up to his Lexus. The car was about to drive on a crowded highway in California when his. The driver's car began to control. Yaning's car is a self-driving car that Google is testing. It is equipped with complex artificial intelligence technology, so that he can sit in the driver's seat and act as a passenger.

At iRobot Company in Bedford, Massachusetts, a visitor watched Ava, a 5-foot-tall robot, walk carefully in the hall, avoiding the surrounding obstacles, including human beings. At the end of this year, it will start its first real job as a telemedicine assistant, allowing experts thousands of miles away to install it? Boss? The video screen on the screen is used to treat patients in the hospital. When the doctor is ready to visit the next patient, he just needs to click on the new location on the computer map. Eva finds and rushes to the next ward according to the map. She will take the elevator by herself.

In Pullman, Washington, researchers at Washington State University are working. Smart? Sensors are installed in the room, so that it can automatically adjust the light in the room as needed and monitor all the activities of residents, including how many hours they sleep and how many minutes they exercise every day. It sounds a bit like imprisonment, but in fact, advocates think that this technology is like a caring nanny: smart houses can help the elderly, especially those with physical or mental disabilities, live an independent life.

From the Curiosity space probe that landed on Mars this summer, to the car whose dashboard can talk to people, to the smart phone, artificial intelligence is sometimes changing our lives in an obvious way, and more often, we don't even realize its existence. Artificial intelligence makes internet search more sensitive; Translate the text from one language to another; Recommend the smoothest route in crowded traffic; Help identify credit card fraud; Tell the driver when he crosses the driveway in the middle of the road.

Even the toaster is about to join the artificial intelligence revolution. You can put a loaf of bread in it and take a photo with your smartphone. The mobile phone will send all necessary information to the toaster to instruct it how to bake bread correctly.

In a convenient way, artificial intelligence is almost everywhere, from intelligent sensors that control the aperture and shutter speed of digital cameras to temperature and humidity detectors in dryers to automatic parking functions in cars. More complex applications are still emerging in the laboratory.

3. The shortcomings of artificial intelligence

(A) the assumption that artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence

Artificial intelligence can only be used as a supplement to human intelligence, but its development speed far exceeds that of human intelligence, that is, according to the theory of evolution, the evolution speed of artificial intelligence is far faster than that of human intelligence. Because of the low start of artificial intelligence, there is a certain gap with the current human intelligence, but it shows the status quo of partially surpassing human intelligence, which makes people have reason to believe that it is only a matter of time before artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence.

The argument that artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence is as follows: first, Darwin's theory of evolution; The second is to compare human creativity, that is, due to the continuous exploration of human intelligence, it will give its own unique creation to artificial intelligence, which will lead to artificial intelligence defeating human intelligence; Three is? The law of quantitative change and qualitative change? Artificial intelligence continues to surpass human intelligence in some fields, and will eventually beat human intelligence in quality.

Its representative figure was put forward by Wang Qianling, a professor of social science department of Sichuan University, from the perspective of world outlook? Will artificial intelligence surpass human intelligence? Conclusion. Li, a professor of philosophy at East China Normal University, believes that people will fall behind if they don't make progress, driven by curiosity? Chess queen? Under the influence of this effect, mankind will not stop exploring more advanced and higher intelligent systems. The law of evolution is inviolable, which will make the chain of evolution develop in a direction beyond human beings. Therefore, the emergence of highly intelligent species beyond human beings on earth is an evolutionary necessity. David also boldly predicted? Artificial intelligence will defeat human intelligence in the near future, but it will have its own way of existence and will not pose a threat to human beings? . John? McCarthy? The father of artificial intelligence thinks? There is no reason to believe that we can't write formulas that can make computers think like people. ? Stephen? Hawking said? In my opinion, if very complex chemical molecules can move in the human body and make people intelligent, then the complex electronic circuit of the sun can also make computers act in an intelligent way. ? Dellner, a professor of psychology at Bambeck University, thinks? Machines with souls exist. ?

(B) the hypothesis of human nature degradation

From smart phones, self-driving cars to medical robots, the artificial intelligence revolution has arrived. Artificial intelligence makes internet search more sensitive; Translate the text from one language to another; In the heavy traffic

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Recommend the smoothest route; Help identify credit card fraud and so on. Although many times we don't even realize its existence, our lives are quietly changed because of it. People always tend to live a comfortable life, and the emergence of artificial intelligence meets the needs of many people, which will lead people to be satisfied with enjoying their current life and forget many instincts. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, those instincts that we don't often use will gradually degenerate and disappear in the reproduction of organisms. With the development of artificial intelligence, we can have simple solutions for food, clothing, housing and transportation, and more and more people rely on them. Just as we haven't had telephones and mobile phones for thousands of years, we can have our own ways of communication. But now, the development of mobile phones is only a few decades, and few people can't live without them. Imagine more and more artificial intelligence entering our lives. If you get used to it, you can't do without it. If you have artificial intelligence, you don't have to do anything, so what can be left in the future of human beings after biological evolution? What is the ability of human beings after degradation and evolution?

Four. conclusion

At present, artificial intelligence has many applications in expert system, intelligent search, theorem proving, games, automatic programming, intelligent control, robotics and so on, and its scope is getting wider and wider. Although it seems to promote the development of science, we have to pay attention to its use. Just like the application of cloning, things with two sides should be carefully considered in development. As a tool, artificial intelligence is limited by human intelligence to develop in a certain range, so that it can maximize its role for human beings while ensuring its own safety. References:

1 Shi Zhongzhi. Advanced artificial intelligence (second edition). Science Press, 2006.

2 Margaret? Boden, Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, Shanghai Translation Publishing House 2001-1-01.

3 Russell s, Peter Novig, artificial intelligence? A Modern Method (2nd Edition) Beijing: People's Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House, 2004,4 Shi Zhongzhi. Intelligent agent and its application. Science Press, 2000.

5 translated by Ye Shiwei and Shi Zhongzhi. Simon Heckin: Neural Network. Machinery Industry Press, 2004.

6 Cai Zixing, Xu Guangyou, Artificial Intelligence and Its Application (3rd Edition). Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing House, 2003.

7 Lugar, Artificial Intelligence, Machinery Industry Press, 2009-03-0 1.

8CarolynAbate, Artificial Intelligence Changing Life, Southern Metropolis Daily, 20 12-09-30.

9 menzel, The Future of Robots, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2002.

10 Qian Xuesen, On Thinking Science, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1986.

1 1 Qian tieyun, can artificial intelligence surpass human intelligence? , Scientific Society and Dialectics, 2004

12 generation dimension, artificial intelligence VS human intelligence. Who will dominate in 20 years, youth exploration, 2002

Jiang Changyang, 13, Human being is degenerating, Research on Dialectics of Nature, 2000, 1 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of science and technology As long as it comes to the significance of science and technology to human beings, one word has a high expression rate. A double-edged sword? . That is to say, while technology brings convenience, comfort and high-quality life to people, it will inevitably bring many disadvantages. Some of these disadvantages are visible, such as environmental pollution; But more is invisible, such as the influence of technology on culture.

In recent years, the public opinion circles have been arguing endlessly about the advantages and disadvantages of science and technology, and they are unable to agree. This phenomenon is also directly reflected in the college entrance examination Chinese test questions-this topic has been involved in college entrance examination composition for several years in a row, and there is a trend of increasing year by year.

According to statistics, what is the most discussed topic in college entrance examination composition in recent years? The influence of science and technology on culture (especially traditional culture)? -Will technology have an impact on culture? What kind of impact will it have? Such as 20 12 Hubei college entrance examination composition provides such a material:

In Chinese class, the teacher is talking about Du Fu's Spring Hope? After three months of war, a letter from home is worth a ton of gold? At that time, I said with emotion: Unfortunately, there are almost no letters from home now, and I'm afraid the form of letters will disappear. ? Student a:? No, my cousin in college often writes to me. I think this way of communication is irreplaceable. ? Student b:? With the development of information technology, it is more convenient to make phone calls, send text messages and write emails. Who writes a letter with a pen? Student c:? Even if you don't write a letter with a pen, it doesn't mean that the letter has disappeared, but the form of the letter has changed. ? Student d:? If you say so, it's not just the letters that change. With the development of society and the progress of science and technology, many things are changing quietly.

It is true that telephone calls, text messages and emails have brought us convenience and quickness, but at the same time, they have also reduced the poetry in our lives. But we might as well think about it. Who sent the brocade book? Maybe it can bring us poetry and reverie, but now? After three months of fighting? In this case, I'm afraid the quick report is more reassuring. Therefore, we should fully consider the gains and losses of the two and deeply reflect on how to deal with the relationship between science and technology and culture: do we stick to the tradition in order to preserve the beauty of the tradition, or abandon the tradition for convenience and speed? Is it to graft fashionable branches on traditional trunks, or to put old patches on new cultures? The author believes that not only our middle school students, but also our decision makers, our experts and even every ordinary citizen should think about this problem. Reflection is always better than complaining. Only by summing up and reflecting can we go better and more steadily in the next step, so as to approach our ideal Eden step by step.

In one continuous line is the composition topic of Guangdong paper of 20 14 college entrance examination. The difference is that the materials of Guangdong volume give up letters and mobile phones and are replaced by black-and-white films and digital technology:

In the era of black and white film, there are few photos, only recording a few moments in life, which can evoke many indelible memories in the repeated browsing of family members. But the photos gradually turned yellow and blurred. In the era of digital technology, there are many photos, which record the bits and pieces of daily life and can be uploaded to the network to share with people at any time. It never yellows and never blurs, but it is worthy of being treasured in quick browsing and frequent updating? Didi? It may also be diluted.

Black and white film and digital technology are like rulers and short messages, carriages and high-speed rail, calligraphy and? Key conversation? Hiking and online games, tea and fast food, is it one? Lee? Words or? Disadvantages? Words can be summarized? Among them, there are scientific and technological factors, cultural factors, traditional factors and psychological habits? In fact, what people want most is the convenience of modern technology and the mellow flavor of traditional culture. Just like fish and bear's paw, it's really not easy to have both.

What is another topic involved in the college entrance examination composition? The impact of science and technology on traditional aesthetic concepts? . Such as 20 14 college entrance examination composition in Liaoning provides such a material:

In the evening, the two grandparents leaned against the window and looked out. ? Look at all the lights. The streets are bright and neon. How beautiful! ? The boy said? If there is no electricity, modern technology and tall buildings, where can we find them? The old man nodded thoughtfully and shook his head. Unfortunately, there are no stars in the sky. Everything has changed, in a flash! In those days, those ancestors lit a bonfire by the cave and watched the moon rise and the stars twinkle. Maybe they are enjoying the beautiful scenery. ?

After reading this material, the author thinks: What if? Those ancestors in those days? what's up Crossing? When they come back, even though they still think that bonfires, bright moons and stars are the most beautiful scenery in nature, are they still willing to live in caves and enjoy the stars with bonfires? Modern science and technology have penetrated into people's souls. Even if we occasionally feel nostalgic, it is only the melancholy when our cherished original memory falls. Even if you yearn for it, you may not be willing to go back to the beginning. In modern society, hermits who really devote themselves to nature, such as Tao Yuanming and Thoreau, are hard to find.

The science and technology-related materials involved in the college entrance examination composition have also touched the close? Science fiction? Title. For example, the composition materials of Tianjin Paper of 20 14 National College Entrance Examination tell a story with some sci-fi colors, revealing what modern science and technology have brought to people. Ridiculous? ：

Maybe one day in the future, we will invent a smart chip. With it, anyone can know everything, including astronomy and geography. Like what do you say to yourself? Physics? In human history, all formulas and laws about physics have emerged one after another, more than what teachers have said and more complete than what books have printed. Visit Qinhuai River and blurt it out? Lao Wang Xie Yan? The old lady selling ice cream next to her said? Fly into the homes of ordinary people? And kindly tell you that the author of this poem is Liu Yuxi. At this time, a blonde foreign girl scrambled to say that the title of the poem Wuyi Lane came from 365 volumes of Complete Tang Poetry on page 4 1 17? What will this be like!

I don't know whether there will really be such a day, whether there will really be such a situation, and whether such a situation is happy or sad.

In all fairness, technology will always bring us more advantages than disadvantages, otherwise we will never regard it as? Primary productivity? Not so many people with lofty ideals will devote themselves to science and technology and spare no effort for its development. What we are going to discuss now is how to minimize its negative effects while developing science and technology, and even make it a boosting force to promote cultural inheritance and development; Don't treat science and technology as an old enemy of culture or even as a scourge because of choking on food. The main force to undertake this important task will be a generation of young people who took to the examination room today. In this sense, it is really valuable for them to write such an article first. Must be technology? This topic will still have a certain position in the subsequent college entrance examination composition.