Two compulsory questions about high school history knowledge points

Knowledge can be obtained, and because of its nature, knowledge is always partial and incomplete, so all actions derived from knowledge are also partial and incomplete. I'd like to share with you some topics about the two compulsory questions of high school history knowledge points, hoping to help you.

High school history knowledge points required 2 1

The Basic Structure and Characteristics of China's Ancient Economy

1, ancient agriculture in China

Understand the transformation of agricultural farming methods from slash-and-burn to iron plow in Niu Geng.

(1) slash and burn: the main farming method of primitive agriculture. That is, people first cut down trees with stone knives and axes, dried them and set them on fire, and then turned over the soil with stone plows to sow. This farming method is called "slash and burn" or "fire farming".

(2) Farming: With the emergence and widespread use of scarifying tools, it indicates that China agriculture has entered the stage of "plowing" or "hoeing with stones". During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze farm tools appeared. Because bronze is precious, it is rarely used in agricultural production. Wooden plough, stone hoe and plough are still important tools for people to carry out agricultural production.

(3) Iron Plow Niu Geng: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, people began to use iron farm tools and Niu Geng, and gradually popularized them. After the Han Dynasty, Niu Geng with iron plough became the main farming method of Chinese traditional agriculture.

Understand the basic meaning of ancient small-scale peasant economy (natural economy)

(1) Reason (condition): During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the appearance of iron farm tools and the gradual popularization of Niu Geng improved social productivity. With the establishment of feudal private ownership of land, the individual small-scale peasant economy with one family as the unit has gradually formed.

(2) Features: Small-scale peasant economy takes the family as the production and living unit, and combines agriculture with cottage industry. Production is mainly to meet the basic needs of families and pay taxes. This self-sufficient natural economy is the basic mode of production in Chinese traditional agricultural society.

(3) Function: Small-scale peasant economy is the main driving force to promote the development of intensive agricultural technology; Small-scale peasant economy is the main source of financial income of feudal dynasty, and its rise and fall is related to the prosperity of feudal economy and the security of feudal regime.

(4) Status and influence: Self-sufficient natural economy has always occupied a dominant position in China's feudal economy. The firm existence of natural economy is an important reason for the slow development and long-term continuation of feudal society in China.

2. The development of handicraft industry in ancient China.

Understand the main achievements made by ancient China in silk weaving, metallurgy, porcelain making and other handicrafts.

(1) Silk industry:

China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk. Four or five thousand years ago, China had raised silkworms and had silk fabrics. There were looms in Shang Dynasty, which could weave many kinds of silk fabrics. Twill jacquard fabrics could be produced in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The silk weaving technology in the Tang Dynasty was high, famous for its lightness and delicacy, and at the same time, it also absorbed the Persian weaving method and pattern style. There are many kinds of silk fabrics in Song Dynasty, and the brocade absorbs the realistic style of flower-and-bird painting, with lively patterns. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the weaving bureau set up by the central or local government in Suzhou and Hangzhou produced more silk products than the previous generation, especially fine satin, which became the representative of silk products in the Qing Dynasty. Silk weaving tools include flower looms.

(2) Metallurgical technology:

① Copper smelting technology: In the late primitive society, China people mastered copper smelting technology. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze casting entered a prosperous period, and the representative works included the bronze ritual vessels of Simu Wuding, Siyang Fangzun and Sanxingdui in Shang Dynasty.

(2) Iron smelting technology: In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, China had iron tools. China's technology and output in iron and steel smelting were always ahead of the world before16th century, including the hydraulic blast ironmaking tool invented by Du in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the steel casting method in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

(3) Ceramic industry:

China is the hometown of porcelain. Primitive porcelain was fired in Shang Dynasty. Mature celadon was fired in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and mature white porcelain was fired in the Northern Dynasty. By the Tang Dynasty, two porcelain-making systems had been formed, namely, southern blue and northern white. Porcelain-making skills in Song Dynasty shine brilliantly. Porcelain kilns are all over the country, and there are five famous kilns. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many kinds of porcelain, among which blue-and-white porcelain, colored porcelain and enamel color competed for each other. Jingdezhen in Jiangxi is a famous porcelain capital.

3. The ancient commercial development in China.

Understand the formation and development of "city"

(1) Formation of "city": Before the Song Dynasty, cities at or above the county level generally set up markets in specific places to gather and trade goods. There are walls around the city, which are strictly separated from the houses. The government establishes a city order or mayor, strictly manages market transactions, opens and closes the market on time, and no transactions are allowed after the market is closed.

(2) The development of "city": In the Song Dynasty, the boundary between square and city was broken, and the city was scattered in the city, and the "grass market" in suburbs and villages was more common. The operating time limit of the Japanese-Chinese market in the past has also been broken. Morning market and night market are connected day and night, and trading activities are no longer directly supervised by the government. Hankou Town, Foshan Town, Jingdezhen Town and Zhuxian Town are the four most famous commercial towns in the Song Dynasty.

Know the major business cities and famous business gangs.

Commercial cities: ancient big cities such as Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Lin 'an and Dadu are not only political centers and military centers in different periods, but also famous commercial centers. With the development of southern economy, a number of southern cities such as Yangzhou and Chengdu became the most prosperous metropolises at that time.

Famous business gangs: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, regional business gangs appeared in some places, called "business gangs". Among them, Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants have the largest number and the strongest strength.

Understand the basic meaning and influence of the policy of "attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce" and "banning the sea"

The policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business";

(1) It is pointed out that during the Warring States Period, Shang Yang advocated the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" when Qin implemented political reform.

(2) Basic meaning: The state should encourage agricultural production in which men plow and women weave, and restrict the development of industry and commerce.

(3) Purpose: To protect agricultural production and small-scale peasant economy, so as to ensure the collection of taxes and land rent and consolidate feudal rule.

(4) Impact: It played a great role in protecting the small-scale peasant economy, consolidating the feudal system and safeguarding national unity, but it also inhibited the development of industry and commerce.

"No sea" policy:

(1) Basic meaning:

In the early Ming Dynasty, Japanese pirates became increasingly rampant along the southeast coast. Ming Taizu, worried that the hostile forces in exile at sea would collude with Japanese pirates and endanger the rule, ordered a "sea ban". People are not allowed to go out to sea to exchange markets with foreign countries without authorization, and foreign trade can only be carried out under the official auspices.

B in the early Qing dynasty, in order to cope with the anti-Qing struggle in the southeast coast, the government prohibited officials and civilians from going to sea privately; In addition, the coastal residents will be moved inland for dozens of miles, and the people will not be allowed to go to the sea, and the policy of "closing the country" (strictly restricting foreign trade) will be implemented.

(2) Impact: It not only hindered the development of overseas markets, inhibited the primitive accumulation of capital and hindered the growth of capitalism, but also isolated China from the world, and China gradually fell behind the world trend.

High school history knowledge points required 2 2

The change of economic structure in modern China and the tortuous development of capitalism.

1, the emergence of Chinese national capitalism

Understand the historical facts of the rise of modern national industry in China in 1960s and 1970s.

From 65438 to 1960s and 1970s, some bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen began to invest in establishing modern enterprises, and Chinese national capitalism was born. National capitalist enterprises are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, such as Changfa Machine Factory in Shanghai, Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory in Nanhai, Guangdong, and Yilaimou Machine Factory in Tianjin.

Understand the main historical facts of the initial development of China's national industry after the Sino-Japanese War.

After the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese national capitalism developed initially.

(1) Reason: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the great powers rushed to export capital to China, which further disintegrated China's natural economy. In order to expand the tax source and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories.

(2) Performance: The development of national capitalism in this period is not only manifested in the increase in the number and scale of commercial enterprises, but also in the expansion from the coast to the mainland.

(3) Impact: The national bourgeoisie, as a new political force, began to step onto the historical stage.

Understand the historical background of capitalism in China.

A After the Opium War, with the influx of foreign goods, China's natural economy began to collapse;

Stimulated by the rich profits of foreign enterprises;

C was induced by Westernization School to introduce advanced western production technology.

2. The tortuous development of Chinese national capitalism during the Republic of China.

Understand the main historical facts of the development of national industry in the early years of the Republic of China

In the early years of the Republic of China, the national industry sandwiched between imperialism and feudalism gained a short spring of rapid development.

(1) Reason:

A The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, which cleared some obstacles for the development of national capitalism.

B the provisional government of the Republic of China rewarded industrial development and encouraged the national bourgeoisie to invest in modern enterprises.

The mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement has effectively promoted the development of national capitalism.

D After the outbreak of World War I, the European powers were busy with the war and temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China, which objectively provided favorable external conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism.

(2) Performance:1912-1919, national capitalism has further developed. Among them, flour industry and textile industry have developed the fastest. Chemical, leather, cigarette and other industries have also made great progress. A number of famous industrialists emerged, mainly represented by Zhang Jian, Rong Desheng, etc.

Understand the main historical facts of the development of national industry in the first ten years of the national government

From 1927 to 1936, national industries developed rapidly.

Reason: The National Government launched the "National Economic Construction Movement" to encourage the development of industry and transportation.

Understand War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the development of national industry during the War of Liberation.

During the Anti-Japanese War: 1937 Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, and China's national enterprises suffered an unprecedented cruel blow.

Reason:

A In the enemy-occupied areas, the national enterprises that had no time to move inward were either destroyed or annexed by the Japanese army.

In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, the national government implemented the wartime system and strengthened its overall control over the economy. Kuomintang bureaucrats used this to control the economic lifeline and squeeze national enterprises, thus making bureaucratic capital expand rapidly and national capital shrink day by day.

During the war of liberation: the national industry was in a desperate situation, and factories, mines and shops closed down one after another.

Reason:

American goods flooded into the China market, crowding out domestic products.

B bureaucratic capital also monopolizes the economy and squeezes national enterprises.

C. The National Government has also continuously increased exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees and issued paper money indiscriminately, which has led to inflation, expensive raw materials and unsalable products.

High school history knowledge points compulsory 2 3

Socialism with Chinese characteristics Construction Road

1, China's practice of exploring the road of socialist construction in 1950s and 1970s.

Understand the achievements of the first five-year plan.

1953, the first five-year plan was implemented. The first five-year plan gives priority to the development of heavy industry. During its implementation, Anshan Iron and Steel, Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory, Shenyang Machine Tool Factory and Aircraft Factory were successively completed and put into operation. China began to change the face of industrial backwardness and laid a preliminary foundation for socialist industrialization.

Understand the three major changes

(1) content: according to the first five-year plan, the state will transform agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce while developing heavy industry.

(2) Significance: By the end of 1956, China had basically completed three major changes, namely, private ownership of the means of production became socialist public ownership, and the socialist economic system was basically established in China.

Understand the main contents of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.

1956, the eighth national congress of China * * * production party was held in Beijing. According to the new situation that China's basic socialist system has been established, the congress pointed out that the main contradiction in China at present is the contradiction between the people's demand for the establishment of an advanced industrial country and the reality of a backward agricultural country; The contradiction between the people's need for the rapid development of economy and culture and the current situation that economy and culture cannot meet the people's needs. The main task of the party and the people at present is to concentrate on transforming China from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country as soon as possible.

Understanding the Great Leap Forward and the People's Communalization Movement

"Great Leap Forward" Movement: 1958, the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the general line of "building socialism with all efforts, striving for the upper reaches, and building socialism quickly, economically and efficiently". After the meeting, the whole country set off the climax of the Great Leap Forward. The Great Leap Forward unilaterally called for big industry and big agriculture. The "Great Leap Forward" movement reflected the people's urgent desire to change China's economic backwardness, but ignored the objective economic laws.

People's Commune Movement: When the Great Leap Forward Movement reached its climax, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed a resolution to establish people's communes in rural areas. In the early days of the people's commune, all property was uniformly accounted for and distributed by the commune.

Understanding: The Great Leap Forward and the People's Commune Movement violated the objective laws of economic development, transcended the historical development stage, and caused chaos in the national economy. During the period of 1959- 196 1, China experienced the most serious economic difficulties since the founding of the People's Republic of China. This is a serious mistake made by the Party in the process of exploring the socialist road in China.

2. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee

Understand the strategic decision of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee.

1978 12. the third plenary session of the 11th China producers' party was held in Beijing. The plenary session re-established the Marxist ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, abandoned the "Left" wrong policy of "focusing on class struggle", made a strategic decision to shift the focus of the work of the party and the state to socialist modernization, and determined that the work of the party and the state should focus on economic construction in the future. Since then, China's reform and opening up has begun.

Understanding the historical significance of convening the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in China to create a new situation in socialist modernization.

Significance: The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee is a major turning point in the history of New China, and it has become the starting point for carrying out reform and opening up and opening up the road to Socialism with Chinese characteristics.

A ended the shackles of China's long-standing "Left" mistakes.

B re-established the party's Marxist ideological line, political line and organizational line.

C made a great decision to shift the focus of the party and the state to economic construction and implement reform and opening up.

E This is a great turning point in the history of the Party since the founding of New China, and it is also a great turning point in the history of China.

F has become the starting point for China to open up the road to Socialism with Chinese characteristics and the great starting point for China's socialist modernization in the new period.

3. Economic restructuring

Understand the household contract responsibility system

(1) implementation: China's economic system reform is first carried out in rural areas. 1978, some rural areas in Anhui and Sichuan began to implement the agricultural production responsibility system with fixed production quotas. Soon, the responsibility system with household contract management as the main form was widely implemented throughout the country.

(2) Significance: This responsibility system gives farmers autonomy in production and distribution, overcomes egalitarianism in the past distribution, and greatly mobilizes farmers' enthusiasm for production.

(3) Impact:

In just a few years, the whole country's agriculture has made great progress, and the countryside has begun historic changes.

It has promoted the deepening of rural reform. 1983, the central government decided to abolish the people's commune, a rural grass-roots unit of state power, and set up township governments; Cancel the production brigade as the village administrative organization and set up the villagers' committee to promote the rural economic development.

The success of rural economic system reform has promoted the reform of cities.

Understand the reform of urban economic system

(1) Implementation: After 1984, the urban economic system reform was launched in an all-round way. The central link of urban economic system reform is to enhance the vitality of enterprises and invigorate them. In the management system, it is necessary to separate government from enterprise, simplify administration and decentralize power, so that enterprises can become independent and self-financing socialist commodity producers and operators. In terms of ownership, it is necessary to change the single public ownership economy into the public ownership economy as the main body, and various ownership economies develop together. In terms of distribution, the distribution system of distribution according to work and coexistence of various distribution methods is implemented.

(2) Role: Through the reform, the enthusiasm of all parties has been mobilized, and enterprises have a competitive mechanism, which has enhanced their vitality, rapid economic development and significantly improved their efficiency.

The reform of economic system has aroused the enthusiasm of all parties, greatly liberated social productive forces and promoted the rapid development of the national economy.

4. China's opening-up pattern has initially taken shape.

Understand the historical facts of the establishment of special economic zones, economic and technological development zones, coastal economic open zones and the development and opening up of Pudong, Shanghai.

Establishment of special economic zones:

(1) Meaning: It means that the country has set aside a certain area and implemented economic policies different from those in other places, such as giving special preferential treatment in attracting foreign investment, reducing or exempting taxes, etc., so as to introduce foreign investment, foreign advanced technology and management experience and promote the development of the national economy.

(2) Establishment: The establishment of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone is the first step of China's opening to the outside world.

A 1980, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen became the first special economic zones in China.

B 1988, China established Hainan Province, set aside Hainan Island and established Hainan Special Economic Zone.

(3) Impact:

SEZs have become the national vanguard in developing export-oriented economy. Shenzhen is known as "a city that rose overnight".

The establishment and development of export-oriented economy in Special Zone B will play an exploration and demonstration role in the implementation of export-oriented economic strategy in coastal areas.

The reform of the C Special Zone has provided valuable experience for the whole country.

Establish economic and technological development zones

China government has also set aside certain areas in coastal areas and other open cities to establish economic and technological development zones, so as to introduce foreign capital, produce high-tech products or process export products. These development zones usually gather excellent talents and advanced technology, and are characterized by knowledge-intensive. They are an important place to learn advanced management experience and improve management level, and also an important window to understand the international market.

Open up coastal economic open areas

1984, the state decided to open Tianjin, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Guangzhou and other coastal port cities 14.

After 1985, the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Southeast Fujian and Bohai Rim successively opened up as coastal economic open zones. By 1992, the coastal economic open zone runs through from south to north, forming a coastal economic open zone.

(Note: Among the first batch of coastal open port cities, two belong to Jiangsu: Lianyungang and Nantong. Nanjing is the third batch of approved economic and technological development zones. )

Development and opening up Shanghai Pudong

From 65438 to 0990, the central government decided to take Pudong's development and opening up as the leading factor, further open cities along the Yangtze River, and promote the Yangtze River Delta and the whole Yangtze River basin to achieve a new leap in economy. The development and opening up of Pudong in Shanghai has become a new economic growth point in Shanghai, and it has also become the focus and symbol of reform and opening up in the 1990s.

After more than 20 years of reform and opening up, China has formed an open system of special economic zones, coastal open cities, coastal open areas, port cities along the river, border towns and provincial capitals in the mainland. The formation of this system marks the initial formation of China's omni-directional, multi-level and wide-ranging opening-up pattern.

5. The establishment of China's socialist market economic system.

Understand the main decisions of the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee and the 15th CPC Central Committee.

The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: 1992 The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system.

The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee: 1993 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee deliberated and adopted the Decision of the Central Committee on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System, which established the basic framework of China's socialist market economic system.

The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China: 1997 The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further improved the theory of socialist market economy, and put forward that public ownership is the mainstay and various ownership economies develop together. This is a basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China.

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