What are the methods of expression and techniques of expression?

Expressive techniques

Expressive techniques, in a broad sense, are the special ways of organizing statements used by the author in phrasing and expressing thoughts and feelings. To analyze a piece of work, specifically from point to point to catch its special way of expression. Note: also because the modern language has not paid much attention to the distinction between the techniques of expression and the techniques of expression, it can be considered that the two are unified. But if a strict distinction is to be made between expressive techniques are subordinate to expressive techniques.

Expressive techniques

Different genres

Specific techniques

-Poetic techniques

Fugue

Bi

Xing

Compare

By comparison

Borrowing

Double entendre

Summarization

Parallel narration

Recall

Interlude

Recall

Supplementary narration

Recounting

Translations

Paragraphs

Interpolation method

Supplementary narrative method

Split narrative method

Detailed narrative method

Small narrative method

Expression skills

A, expression skills mainly include:

①expression (narrative, description, lyricism, discussion, description);

②expression techniques (object of interest) Side descriptions of the landscape lyric Narrative Lyricism, borrowing things from others, direct expression of feelings, to be first suppressed, flashbacks, flashbacks, interpolation, lining, stroke, symbolism, using a dictionary, imagining, associating, allegory, contrasting, supporting, rendering, virtual pen, virtual combination of direct lyric, indirect lyric, static, static and static contrast, a great deal of handwriting, layer after layer, deepening the main idea of a small point of combination of the main, the distance, near and far, through the sense of the white drawing, drawing and painting, etc.)

3 Selection of materials, clipping;

4 structural skills: Transition, echo, etc.

⑤ The creation of mood, characterization, the use of rhetorical methods (metaphor, simile, anthropomorphism, hyperbole, couplet, parallelism, repetition, etc.), the description of the social and natural environment.

An essay, no matter what kind of expression technique the author chooses, is to better express the meaning. Therefore, to analyze the language, to understand the content of the text, to understand the author's intentions and emotions, it is necessary to recognize the role of expression techniques.

Second, expression skills:

1, expression: narrative, description, argument, lyricism, description.

2, expression: imagination, association, analogy, symbolism, foil, contrast, rendering, rhetoric.

3, structural techniques: carry on the next, suspense, the first and last echo, the combination of reality and falsehood, before and after the illumination, laying out, spreading, padding and so on.

Different styles of writing

Lyrical prose is rich and colorful, the expression of the scene, the object, the combination of depression, symbolism and other techniques;

Narrative writing techniques, such as the first and last echo, the dragon's eye, the use of rhetoric, appropriate detail, the combination of the narrative and discussion, positive and negative, etc.;

Argumentative writing techniques, such as quotes, good metaphors, the reverse difference, positive and negative comparison, analogy and inference.

The techniques of novels: descriptive techniques, underlining techniques, ambush and echo, suspense and release of ideas, etc.

These techniques have been used in the past, but they have not been used in the present.

Expression techniques of ancient poetry: fugue, diction, foil, contrast, rendering, tokens, punctuation, to see the big in the small, to the end of the chapter (also known as the end of the title), want to raise the first suppression, association, imagination, inversion of the order of words

Concrete techniques

Tokens, to the scene, lyric, narration, lyricism, foil, to the end of the chapter, symbolism, imagination, association, to the scene, to the scene, to the scene. The sound (movement) against the quiet, contrast

-Poetry techniques

Poetry has many expressive techniques, China's earliest popular and still often used traditional expressive techniques are "fugue, than, Xing". Mao Poetry Preface" said: "Therefore, the poem has six meanings: one said wind, two said fugue, three said than, four said Xing, five said Ya, six said Ode."

The "six meanings" in the "wind, elegant, ode" refers to the "Classic of Poetry" of the types of poetry, "fugue, than, Xing" is the poem in the expression.

Fu

is the expressive method of stating things directly. Zhu Xi, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, said in his commentary on "Poetry Collection Biography," "Foo is, in fact, a direct statement of the matter." For example, "Ge Qin" and "Plantain" in the Classic of Poetry use this technique.

Bi

is the use of simile to depict things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Innocence said in "Wenxin Diao Long - Bixing": "And what is meant by comparison? Cover write things to attach meaning, Yang speech to cut things also." Zhu Xi said: "than, to the other thing than this thing also." For example, "katydids" and "rats" in the Book of Songs are written in this way.

Xing

It is a method of writing in which a certain thing is used to start a poem to arouse the things to be described and to express thoughts and feelings. In the Justice of Mao Poetry, Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty said, "Xing is to rise. Taking analogies and citing classes, starting to send their own hearts, poetry and literature all cite grass, trees, birds and animals to see the meaning of the person, all Xing rhetoric also." Zhu Xi pointed out even more clearly, "Xing is the first to speak of other things to cause the words of the chorus." For example, "Guan Suo" and "Tao Yao" in the Book of Songs use the expression "Xing".

These three methods of expression have been passed down, often utilized in a comprehensive manner, complementing each other, and have had a great influence on the creation of poetry through the ages.

There are many methods of poetic expression, and they have been constantly developed and created through the ages, and their use has been flexible and varied, including exaggeration, redundancy, overlapping, jumping, and so on, which is difficult to describe. But all kinds of methods can not be separated from the imagination, rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also one of the most important means of expression in poetry. In poetry, there is another important means of expression is symbolization. Symbolism, simply put, is "to symbolize righteousness", but in modern poetry, symbols are also expressed as direct images of the mind, which should be noted. In modern terms, there are three main ways of shaping images in poetry:

Comparison

1. In his book Wenxindiaolong (Carving Dragons from the Heart of the Literature), Liu Feiqin says that simulation is "either a metaphor for sound, or a square for appearance, or a simulation for the heart, or an analogy for something." There are many examples of this in the poems we listed earlier. There is another common technique in simulation, which is "anthropomorphization": anthropomorphizing an object, or anthropomorphizing a person. The former, such as Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Kangqiao: Gently I go, / Just as I gently come; / I gently wave, / Farewell to the clouds of the western sky. /The golden willows along the river / are the brides in the setting sun; / the colorful shadows in the waves / ripple in my heart. The "clouds" and "golden willow" are treated as human beings. For example, Love's "Because of the Wind": ...... My heart is as bright as the candlelight in front of your window / Slightly ambiguous / Inevitably / Because of the wind / ...... With the love of my whole life / I light a lamp / I'm a fire / That may go out at any time. /Because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to a candle, and me to a lamp. Of course, in the end, the essence is still "anthropomorphism".

Borrowing

2, borrowing. This is to replace the thing with this thing. It is similar to the simulation, but different, the difference is: the simulation is generally more than the things compared to the things are specific, visible; while the borrowing is a party specific, a party more abstract, in the concrete and abstract bridge, so that the image of the poem is more distinctive, prominent, in order to trigger the reader's associations. This is what Ai Qing said, "to give wings to thought, to give feelings to clothes, to give color to the voice, so that the passing of the shifter congealed."

Shaping the image of the poem, not only can use the material taken from the perspective to depict the picture, but also can use the material obtained from the hearing, touch and other senses, to reflect the image from various aspects, so as to achieve the sound and color, vivid and novel. The Tang Dynasty poet Jia Dao rode on a donkey and chanted, "Birds stay in the trees by the pool, monks push the door under the moon," but he also felt that "monks knocking on the door under the moon" could also be used. Whether it is "push" or "knock", he could not decide, he used his hand as a knock, unexpectedly the donkey blocked the way of a big official, this person is a great writer Han Yu, when the guards will be brought to Jia Island in front of his horse, Jia told the truth, Han pondered for a long time, said it is still better to use the word knock! Han pondered for a long time and said it was better to use the word "knock". Because the word "knock" has a sound, in the moonlit night in the mountains, there are one or two knocks on the door, which makes the scene "alive", and also makes the environment more silent. The aforementioned "crows" and "bells" of "Night Mooring on the Maple Bridge" are also the finishing touches of the poem. There is also the musical description in Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing, "Big pearls fall from a jade disk", which is very realistic and wonderful! Modern such as Huang He Lang's "Morning Song": "And the reef / listening stubbornly / beyond the sound of the wind, rain and waves / vague / dawn / Lingquan Temple's morning bell / just like Drum Mountain springs / distant response / faint faint faintly knocked down / a few sparse stars / and the red corolla of the / powerful cockcrow / as if across the sea / crowing bright one day of the morning sun / as the tide rushes. This poem is also well written. So if we master the technique of shaping images with sound, it will open up a wider field for poetic creation.

Double entendre

3. In a certain linguistic environment, the use of words with multiple meanings and homophonic conditions, intentionally make the statement has a double meaning, the words in this and the meaning of the other, this rhetorical technique is called double entendre.　Puns can make the language expression implicit, humor, and can deepen the meaning, give a person a deep impression.

There are two kinds of puns:

1, meaning puns, for example, "Dream of Red Mansions" in the "will be the three spring to see through the peach red and willow green to be how? The Shaohua knocked out, looking for that light days and". The surface of the "three springs" refers to the twilight of spring, containing the situation of Yuanchun, Yingchun and Tanchun.

2, harmonic pun example "is no clear but there is clear" in the "clear" on the surface of the sunny days of the clear, containing feelings of "love".

Summary

Whether it is comparison or substitution, it relies on the poet's keen observation of objective things, incorporating his own emotions, and boldly imagining or even fantasizing. It can be said that, whether it is romantic or realistic, without imagination and association, it will not become a poet. For example, Li Bai, known for his boldness, is certainly rich in imagination, poetic style, and Du Fu, known for his realism, has also written such as "An obtaining a wide range of ten million buildings ...... when the eye of the sudden to see this house ...... " ("thatched roof for the autumn wind broken song") and "fragrant mist cloud maid wet, clear light jade arm cold. When will I lean on the false front, and dry my tears?" ("Moonlight Night"). ("Moonlit Night") and other evocative masterpieces.

Narrative Perspective

First Person Narrative As the content of the article is conveyed to the reader through the "I", it means that what is written in the article is the narrator's own eyes and ears, or the narrator's own experience, so that the reader can get a kind and real feeling. First person, because the narrator is the person concerned, so the narrative of the people and events, can only be "I" within the scope of activities of the characters and events. The characters and events outside the scope of activities can not be written in. The role of the first person: ① is the witness of the event, is the clue to the article characters, but also their own personal experience. ② to promote the development of the storyline ③ reflect the article's sense of authenticity and intimacy

Second-person narrative method The second person is often used in letters, general narrative essay rarely used throughout, but in the narrative process, like the author of a direct conversation with the reader to facilitate the direct lyrical in the article in a part, the shift to the second person. Benefits: enhance the article emotion, easy to lyrical, cause the reader's **** Ming.

Third-person narrative method with third-person narrative, the narrator is not subject to the limitations of space and time, nor physical and psychological limitations, you can directly show the article in front of the reader, can be free and flexible to reflect social life. But the third person narrative is often not as intimate and natural as the first person narrative. Advantage: make the article objective and real, more convincing.

Shun narrative method

Shun narrative is according to the order of time to recount things, which is consistent with the development of the actual situation, so it is easy to write a clear article, clear veins. The use of flashbacks, pay attention to cut properly, focused. Otherwise, it will be easy to list the phenomenon, commit the problem of flat narrative, like a running account, so that people read tasteless.

Response method

Response is not the whole event is reversed narrative, but in addition to a part of the advance, the other is still the method of narrative. The use of flashbacks are generally three kinds of cases: one is to show the need for the central idea of the article, the most can show the central idea of the part of the front, to highlight; two is to make the article structure is rich in change, to avoid the plain narrative; three is in order to show the effect of the need to make the article twists and turns, resulting in suspense, intriguing. The flashbacks should explain the starting point clearly. The flashback and the conversion of the narrative, there should be obvious boundaries, but also the necessary text transition, to achieve a natural connection. Special attention should be paid to, do not aimlessly upside down, back and forth, so that the eyebrows of the article is unclear.

Interpolation method

Interpolation is necessary to express the center of the article. Sometimes it is to help readers understand the storyline of the narrative; sometimes it is the plot of the characters to make notes, explanations. The use of narrative must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to be a branch, not to overpower the main event. In the insertion of the narrative, but also pay attention to the transition, illumination and articulation of the article, there can be no trace of a break.

Supplementary narrative method

Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above description of the narrative, generally fragmentary, brief, not a complete event, but also can be put in front of the explanation or description of the text, in order to cause the following. The role of complementary narrative, generally do not develop the plot, events, only to the original narrative to enrich, complementary role.

Sub-narrative method

Sub-narrative is the role of the head of the complicated, intricate things, written in a clear, unorganized. The narrative can first narrate one, and then another, can also be a few things to cross the narrative. The use of sub-narrative according to the content of the article and the expression of the central idea of the need to establish the narrative clues, but also to explain clearly the time of each event and the development of the time.

Detailed narrative method

Detailed narrative is generally used in the development of each event in the process of specific narrative. The detailed narrative should seize the characteristics of the characters or the details of the matter for a detailed, meticulous description. When you are writing an essay, the part that is closely related to the central idea should be described in detail. With the central idea of the relationship is not great, and also with the account must be given, then a few strokes over, so that the center of the article can be highlighted. Otherwise, the article will appear to be no center or multi-center, seems cumbersome.

Skimming method

Skimming serves to explain the indispensable but not necessary content of the development process of the event. It is combined with the detailed narrative, the whole narrative is detailed and abbreviated. The general use of a brief description of the beginning and end of the article; and the relationship with the central idea of the general part; the part of the people **** know.