Who was the representative of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period? What is the representative thought?

Brief introduction of a hundred schools of thought contend

1. Confucianism: Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi. Works: Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi.

Confucianism is one of the important schools in the Warring States period. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it took Confucius as the teacher, took the six arts as the law, advocated "propriety and benevolence", advocated "loyalty and forgiveness" and impartial "golden mean", advocated "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attached importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.

Confucianism has a powerful educational function, and holds that education is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. It advocates "education without class", and both the ruler and the ruled should be educated to make the whole country a virtuous person.

Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and taking morality for the people, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was an ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.

Second, Taoism: representatives: Laozi and Zhuangzi. Works: Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi.

Taoism is one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States period, also known as "Taoists". Based on Laozi's "Tao" theory in the late Spring and Autumn Period, this school explains the essence, origin, composition and change of everything in the universe. It believes that heaven does nothing, and all things naturally turn into life, denies that ghosts and gods dominate all things, and advocates that Taoism is natural and natural, advocates quietism, keeps women soft, and combines rigidity and softness. Its political ideal is.

Mohist school: representative figure: Mozi. Works: Mozi

Mohism was an important school in the Warring States Period, and its founder was Mo Zhai.

The theoretical basis of this school is "mutual love and mutual benefit": treat others as yourself; Universal love means loving your lover as yourself. "Love the world" can achieve the purpose of "mutual benefit". Politically, it advocates respecting the virtuous, respecting the same, and non-aggression; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Ideologically, he put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts, and at the same time put forward the idea of "no life", emphasizing self-reliance.

Mohism has a strict organization, and most of its members come from the lower classes. According to legend, everyone can go to the fire and dance with knives and axes to motivate themselves. Their disciples are arguing, which is called "Mohist Debate". Those who engage in martial arts are called "Moxia"; Leaders are called "giants". His discipline is strict, and it is said that "the Mohist law, the murderer dies, the injured person is punished" ("Lv Chunqiu").

After Mo Zhai's death, it was divided into three schools. By the late Warring States period, it merged into two schools: one focused on the study of epistemology, logic, mathematics, optics, mechanics and other disciplines, and was called "post-Mohist" (also known as "post-Mohist"), and the other was transformed into a ranger in the Qin and Han Dynasties.

Legalists: representatives: Han Fei, Li Si. Works: Han Feizi.

Legalism is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period. It is called a legalist because it advocates the rule of law, "don't be intimate with others, don't be too noble or too humble, and be divorced from the law." In the Spring and Autumn Period, Guan Zhong and Zi Chan were the pioneers of legalist thought. In the early Warring States period, Li Kui, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai and Shen Dao founded the Legalist School. By the end of the Warring States Period, Han Fei had integrated Shang Yang's "Fa" with Shen Dao's "Fa".

Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In the aspect of ideological education, banning a hundred schools of thought and taking officials as teachers provide a theoretical basis and action plan for establishing a unified monarchy.

There are 2 17 legalists' works recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, of which nearly half have been preserved so far, the most important ones are Shang Jun Shu and Han Feizi.

Famous artists: representatives: Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sunlong and Huan Tuan. Works: Gongsun Longzi.

Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period. They are called famous scholars by later generations because they are engaged in the debate between name (name, concept) and fact (fact). At that time, they were called "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". The representatives are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.

6. Yin and Yang Family: Representative: Zou Yan.

Yin-Yang School is one of the important schools in the Warring States Period, and it was named after advocating the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements to explain social personnel. This school originated from the ancient ruling class, and its representative was Zou Yan, a Qi native in the Warring States Period.

Yin-yang theory holds that Yin-yang is the opposite and transforming force of things, which can be used to explain the law of development and change of things. The five elements theory holds that everything is composed of five elements, namely wood, fire, earth, gold and water, and there are two laws (darkness) that can be used to explain the origin and change of everything in the universe. Zou Yan integrated them and interpreted the attributes of the five elements as "five" according to the theory that the five elements are mutually beneficial.

The Records of Han Shu Literature and Art contains 21 works of this school, all of which have been lost. Written in the Book of Rites and the Moon Order at the end of the Warring States Period, some people say it is a work of Yin and Yang. Some articles in Guanzi also belong to Yin and Yang works, such as Lu's Chunqiu Tong, Huainan Custom Training and Historical Records of Qin Shihuang.

Vii. Strategists: Representatives: Su Qin and Zhang Yi. The main remarks were circulated in the Warring States Policy.

China was a strategist who lobbied governors and engaged in political and diplomatic activities during the Warring States Period. He is listed as one of the hundred schools of thought, with Su Qin and Zhang Yi as the main representatives.

During the Warring States period, the north and south were vertical and the east and west were horizontal. Su Qinli urged Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qi and Chu to jointly repel Qin vertically, while Zhang Yi tried to break the vertical. The six countries of Lian Heng dealt with the State of Qin separately, so they were named as military strategists. Their activities had an important influence on the changes of political and military structure during the Warring States period.

There are many records about his activities in the Warring States Policy. According to the records of Han Shu's artistic records, strategists once wrote Sixteen Families and Seventeen Articles.

Eight. Saint: Representative: Lv Buwei.

Miscellaneous school was a comprehensive school at the end of the Warring States Period. It is named after "Confucianism, Mohism, and the method of combining names" and "the integration of hundred schools of thought's Tao" (Notes on Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi Yan Shigu). Lu Chunqiu, compiled by scholars in Qin Dynasty, is a typical miscellaneous book.

Nine, farmers,

Nongjiale is one of the important schools of thought in the Warring States Period. It is named after attaching importance to agricultural production. It was sent by an official in charge of agricultural production in ancient times. They believe that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, and should be put in the first place in all work. It is recorded in Mencius Teng Wengong that saints should "plow with the people, eat with the people, and govern with the people", which shows the social politics of farmers.

10. Novelist,

Novelist, one of the top ten novelists in the pre-Qin period, collects folk stories and examines people's feelings and customs. Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi said: "Novelists become officials. They talk about gossip in the street and listen to what the speaker has done. "

Brief introduction of a hundred schools of thought contend

In the contention of a hundred schools of thought, Confucius, the founder of Confucianism, stood out from the contention of a hundred schools of thought because he inherited the cultural orthodoxy of three generations in the Central Plains. As a result, Confucianism not only occupies a prominent position in the contention of a hundred schools of thought, but also becomes the mainstream and core content of traditional culture, which has an unparalleled influence on the formation of China people's national spirit. In fact, we can say that Confucianism is not an academic or school in the usual sense, but the cultural essence of the Chinese nation. It is also the embodiment of China's inherent value system. It has penetrated into every capillary of traditional culture, and greatly influenced all fields of China culture. All doctrines, sects, and even foreign cultures and religions are born in the soil of China, and it is inevitable to bring traces of Confucian culture. Today, it's more than that. Confucianism has also had a permanent impact on world culture (as we know, Japan and the "Four Little Dragons" praised Confucianism as a prescription to solve the crisis of faith and moral decline brought about by modernization after realizing or basically realizing modernization. The so-called "Southeast Asian cultural circle" is basically a cultural composition model with Confucianism as the main body, which has effectively promoted the social civilization and progress in Southeast Asia. With the development of history, Confucian ethics is entering western countries.

Regarding the division of schools of thought contending, Sima Tan listed six schools. "The focus of the six schools is Yi Da Zhuan:' The world is unified, eclectic, and all roads lead to the same goal. "Those who serve Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, law and morality are also rulers" (Preface to Taishi Gong). Liu Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi.

Philosophers are the general name of political schools because the basic purpose of their schools is to provide political strategies for monarchs. Taoism advocates governing by doing nothing; Legalists advocate that credit must be punished; Mohism advocates universal love for Shang Tong; Famous scholars advocate respecting soldiers and restraining generals. After the Han Dynasty, Mohism and famous artists became a unique school, farmhouse music became a technical discipline independently, and Yin and Yang schools evolved into fantasy. Therefore, only Confucianism, Taoism and law have an influence on the politics of the later unified dynasty.

Many thoughts of a hundred schools of thought have left profound enlightenment to future generations, such as Confucian "benevolent government" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". Mencius' ancient democratic thought; Dialectics of Taoism; Mohist scientific thought; Legalist materialism; The military thoughts of military strategists are still shining today. Even the famous "sophistry" created the logic field in the history of China's philosophy. We can and should learn from the vigorous and promising spirit of Confucianism to motivate ourselves to make a fortune. Learn the Confucian spirit of loyalty to the country and cultivate their patriotic feelings; Learn from the Confucian spirit of "controlling benefits with righteousness" to enlighten yourself to treat material interests correctly, and learn from the Confucian spirit of benevolence to cultivate their noble sentiment of loving the people; Learn from the Confucian concept of honesty and cultivate their own independent personality with self-respect and self-improvement; We should also learn from Mohism's "universal love", "Shang Xian" and "frugality"; Taoism's "less selfish desires" and "Taoism is natural"; Legalists' thought of "abolishing private interests" and so on.